Unit 3 APEURO

What was the Scientific Revolution?

A new way of thinking about the natural world and how humans related to the natural world

What is the Scientific Revolution relating to info?

It was a new way to find information on the natural world

What question does the Scientific Revolution start with?

It starts with thinking about the universe and people in the universe

How is the Geocentric or Ptolemaic universe related to the Scientific revolution?

It was the old way of thinking of the universe.

What was assumed about the Earth in the Geocentric or Ptolemaic Universe structure?

That the Earth was at the center of the universe and stationery

What was the Universe seen as?

Concentric or same center but the circle gets bigger the more you move out

Under the Geocentric universe, what was the moon's sphere a dividing line between?

Sin and death

What were the four key elements represented in the Geocentric universe?

Earth, water, air, and fire

What new idea did Copernicus introduce about the universe?

The heliocentric universe

What is now in the middle of the universe regarding the Heliocentric Universe?

The sun was now at the center of the universe

What was the Earth's position in the Heliocentric universe?

It was in an outer sphere revolving around the sun

Why was the heliocentric universe a huge deal?

Due to its theological implications.

What was Nicholas Copernicus associated with?

The start of the scientific revolution

What language did Nicholas Copernicus write his books in?

Latin

What did Nicholas Copernicus track the movement of?

Tracked the movement of planets and stars

What did Copernicus think of the Ptolemaic or concentric model?

He thought the model didn't make much since

What language was Copernicus's On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres written in?

Latin

When did Copernicus publish the Revolution of the Heavenly SPheres?

On his deathbed

What is the importance of the Revolution of the Heavenly Sphere to the scientific revolution?

It was the first major thing of the scientific revolution

What did some Catholics and Protestants do due to this view of a Heliocentric universe in On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres?

They attacked it for contradicting the bible

What did the catholic church ban in the early science revolution?

They banned Copernicus on the Revolution of the Heavenly spheres

What was On the Revolution of Heavenly spheres seen as relating to knowledge?

It was seen as a new way of coming to knowledge

When was On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres written?

1543

Where was the telescope invented?

Holland

Who was the first to use the telescope?

Galileo Galilei

What did Galileo Galilei use the new telescope for?

He used it to investigate the heavens

What did Galileo Galilei notice about the sun?

That the sun has sunspots or blemishes

What did Galileo Galilei with the telescope notice about the moon?

That the moon was full of craters

What did Galileo Galilei discover about Jupiter?

That Jupiter had moons revolving around it

What happened when Galileo Galilei wrote about his discoveries of the universe?

He got in trouble with the church

What did the church force Galileo Galilei to do?

Recant his finding said he was wrong and the church was right

What circumstance did Galileo Galilei die under?

He died in Rome under house arrest

How was Galileo Galilei buried?

In an unmarked grave

What did Francis Bacon pioneer?

The scientific method

What does the scientific method start with?

Observation of nature

What did Bacon believe his new method opened up?

Exiting opening of new knowledge

What was the problem with Bacon's scientific method?

Direct experience of the senses could be deceptive

What is meant by the issue that the senses could be deceptive?

How do we know if everything is true or real, or if an evil or deceiving spirit makes us think what we are thinking?

What is the scientific method, for example?

Achieving new knowledge or empiricism

What is empiricism

Learning about the world based on observation and experimentation not on abstract theories or ancient texts

What is inductive reasoning?

Going from a particular observation to general laws of nature

What famous phrase is Rene Descartes known for?

"I think therefore I am"

What is meant by "I think therefore I am"

It means that the fact that I am thinking about these thoughts proves that I am real because if I am not I couldn't be thinking.

How did Rene Descartes arrive at the first principles about the world?

Through radical doubt

What is deductive reasoning Rene Descartes found

Going from general first principles to specific conclusions.

What was the universe increasingly seen in?

Mechanistic demand or a clockwise universe.

What was Sir Isaac Newton?

A physicist and mathematician

What did Newton see mathematics as integral to?

The new scientific method

What theory did Newton formulate?

The theory of gravity.

What does the theory of gravity believe?

Natural law is universal governing both the earth and the heavens

What was the circumstance relating to Newton's death?

He was buried in Westminster Abbey with honors

Who was Galen?

An ancient Roman physician with Ancient authority

What did Galen pioneered?

The four humors

What do the four senses of humor mean?

4 substances within the human body

What are the four humors?

Yellow bile, black bile, blood, phlegm

Where was the microscope invented?

Holland

What did the microscope allow for?

New world scientific discoveries

What did William Harvey pioneer?

The understanding of the circulatory system

What theory did William Harvey come up with?

The theory is that the heart pumps blood that circulates throughout your body.

What did William Harvey see the body as?

An integrated system like a machine

What did natural philosophers of scientists see as supporting discoveries during this period?

A religious worldview

What was there no necessary conflict between?

Science and religion

Why was there no necessary conflict between science and religion?

Because the universe must have a designer, philosophers proved there is a God.

What does Cartesian dualism mean about the world?

The thinking of the world in binary or and or, black and white

What did Cartesian dualism believe about body and soul?

If you put body and soul opposite to each other saying the soul exists in its own dimension and does not connect to our bodies.

What was seen during this time with the new and the old?

The new continued to coexist with the old like alchemy and astrology

What is alchemy?

An ancient practice of trying to create precious substances or achieve immortality using recipes and transformative materials.

Who was Paracelsus?

A Swiss alchemist who blended chemistry and magic, medicine and mysticism

What began to be founded in the mid-17th century?

New scientific academies

What were these new scientific academics meant for?

Meant for natural philosophers to come together and share ideas and exchange knowledge

What did these new scientific academies illustrate the link between?

Knowledge and state power

During this period what did many Europeans still hold on to?

A pre-centric worldview

What did this pre-centric worldview many Europeans still had mean?

The earth was in the middle of the universe

What did new writers like Bernard de Fontenelle try to popularize/

New scientific ideas for a wider audience

What did Bernard de Fontenelle write?

Conservation on the plurality of worlds

Where was the Thirty Years War from?

1618-1648

What did the Peace of Augsburg in the 16th century recognize?

Lutherans and Catholics in the Empire or region

What did the Peace of Augsburg fail to recognize?

Calvinist

What did Calvinsit and Luthers think of each other?

They despised each other as much as they did Catholics

What did the Habsburg Dynasty remain in control of?

Both Spain and the Holy Roman Empire

Who did Valois or Bourbon France have a longstanding rivalry with/

The Habsburgs

What did the Dutch fight against Spain for?

The Dutch had fought a long war of independence from Spain

In 1609 what did the Dutch and Spain sign?

They signed a 12-year truce set to expire in 1621

How many electors choose the emperor in the Holy Roman Empire?

Seven electors

Who had been chosen as emperors for the Holy Roman Empires for centuries?

Habsburgs or Catholics

Who was Frederick the V

He was a son of a calvinist and son-in-law of James 1 of England

What was the Kingdom of Bohemia ethnically?

Czech

What was the capital of the Kingdom of Bohemia?

Prague

Since Jan Haus what did the Czech and Bohemia show?

A rebel spirit

What did the protestants of Bohemia feel threatened by 1618?

They felt threatened by their new catholic king

What did the Bohemian Protestants do in May 1618?

They revolted against their Catholic overloads

When was the Defenestration of Prague

1618

What was the Defenestration of Prague?

When Bohemian protestants revolted against their catholic overloads

What was the Bohemian or defenestration of Prague a trigger for?

The thirty years war

What did the Habsburg do after the Defenestration of Prague?

They confiscated the rebel's land and redistributed it to loyalists

Why did catholic France enter the war in 1635?

Sweden was in trouble and they wanted to help the protestants fight the Habsburgs.

What was the 30-year war related to secular power?

The 30 years war was as much about secular power plays as religion

What was the 30-year war devastation related to Germany?

It devastated the population of Germany.

What did the Battle of White Mountain lead to the defeat of?

Bohemian Revolt

What did imperial armies do in the Battle of White Mountain?

They crushed the protestants