IP3__Sensation___Perception

Sensation

all of us are picking up the same light waves

Perception

are brain seeing something & trying to understand the information

Transduction

The transformation of one type of energy into another; in terms of sensation, it refers to converting stimulus energies into neural impulses.

Sensory Reduction

The mechanism of filtering and analyzing incoming sensations before transmitting neural impulses to the brain.

Psychophysics

The examination of the relationship between physical stimuli and the corresponding sensations and perceptions they influence.

Absolute threshold

The least amount of stimulation required to detect a specific stimulus 50% of the time.

Difference Threshold (Just Noticeable Difference)

The smallest difference between two stimuli that can be detected 50% of the time.

Sensory Adaptation

Reduced sensitivity resulting from consistent stimulation.

Photons

Light particles that enter the eye and get processed into visual images.

Cones

Photoreceptor cells in the retina that enable color vision and high visual acuity under bright light conditions.

Rods

Photoreceptor cells in the retina that allow for vision in low-light conditions and do not perceive color.

Trichromatic Theory

The theory suggesting that the retina consists of three types of color receptors (cones) that are sensitive to red, green, and blue.

Opponent-Process Theory

The theory proposing that color perception is reliant on receptors that respond antagonistically to three pairs of colors: red-green, blue-yellow, and black-white.

Selective Attention

The act of focusing on a specific object in the environment for a defined period.

Feature Detectors

Nerve cells in the brain that respond selectively to particular features of a stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement.

Top-Down Processing

Information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, where perceptions are constructed based on experiences and expectations.

Bottom-Up Processing

Analysis that starts with the sensory receptors and progresses to the brain’s integration of sensory information.

Gestalt Psychology

A psychological approach that highlights the human tendency to organize pieces of information into meaningful wholes.

Depth Perception

The capability to perceive objects in three dimensions and estimate distance.

Binocular Cues

Depth cues that rely on the use of both eyes.

Kinesthesia

The awareness of position and movement of individual body parts.

Vestibular Sense

The sense that provides awareness of balance and spatial orientation.

Embodied Cognition

The effect of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judgments.