RADS 2050 Pharmacology Terms & Definitions for Medicine

Brand name

-Name given to a drug manufactured by a specific company

-Short and easy

-May not reflect chemical structure

-Many different companies may produce same drug

•Each company selects its own trademark, brand or trade name, & proprietary name

2 multiple choice options

generic name

-Given to the drug when it is commercially available

-Simple, easy to pronounce

-Never capitalized

-Also called the nonproprietary name

2 multiple choice options

chemical name

-1st name applied to a drug

-Identifies the actual chemical structure of the drug

-Often complex

2 multiple choice options

Prescription, non prescription

What are legal classifications of drugs?

Tablet

Most common oral dosage form. It is a granulated drug that has been compressed into a solid, hard disc.

Enteric-coated tablets

-coated with a substance that delays the dissolution of the tablet so that it dissolves in the small intestine rather than the stomach.

3 multiple choice options

Polymer coated tablets

-Produce slow uniform absorption for several hours

-Called: sustained, extended, controlled-release

2 multiple choice options

Orally disintegrating tablets

-Disintegrates rapidly

-Pediatrics & geriatric patients

2 multiple choice options

capsule

This is where a powdered or liquid drug is contained in a gelatin shell. This shell will dissolve in the stomach and release its contents.

3 multiple choice options

Inhalation

May be used for either local or systemic effects (general anesthetics). Inhalers are used for their local effects in the treatment of asthma or COPD. After inhalation, drug concentrations are deposited to the respiratory mucosa and exert action by producing bronchodilation or reducing inflammation. Local therapeutic effects are optimized and systemic effects are minimized.

suppository

This is shaped for insertion into a body orifice such as the rectum, vagina or urethra. Once inserted, the suppository dissolves and releases the drug. It may have either local or systemic effects.

3 multiple choice options

Solution

Dissolved in a liquid carrier. These are usually rapidly absorbed and are administered orally or parenterally (by injection).

3 multiple choice options

Suspension

Where one or more drugs in small particles are suspended in a liquid carrier. These are administered orally (shaken before taken). They are never injected.

3 multiple choice options

transdermal patch

Applied onto the skin surface where it is absorbed into the bloodstream. The patch is water resistant and releases the drug over time.

Antihypertensives

drugs used to treat high BP

3 multiple choice options

antiinflammatories

drugs that fight infection

2 multiple choice options

drug

a chemical substance that interacts with a living organism to produce a biologic response. These effects are achieved by some underlying biochemical and/or physiologic interaction between the drug and a functionally important tissue component (usually a receptor) in the body.

drug receptor

•The particular area for which the drug is intended and that receives the maximum effect of the drug is called a:

Pharmacodynamics

The study of the change in normal physiological function of the body due to a drug is called:

Agonist

•A drug that attaches to a receptor and possesses both an affinity for the site and the ability to produce intrinsic activity is said to be an ___________. causes a direct effect by activating the receptor.

antagonists

•If a drug attaches to a receptor and prevents the agonist from responding in its intended manner, it is said to be an ______________. produces no direct effect, but will produce an indirect effect in the presence of an agonist by competing for, and thus reducing, the agonist’s available binding sites.

reversible

•Binding to a receptor site is a ___________ process and the drug action may be terminated by unbinding the drug and the receptor.

3 multiple choice options

modify

•Drugs do not confer any new functions on a tissue or organ in the body; they only _________ existing functions.

3 multiple choice options

multiple

•Drugs in general exert ___________ actions rather than a single effect. Consequently, drugs may, in varying degrees, produce undesirable responses because of their potential to modify more than one function in the body.

physicochemical interaction

Drug action results from a _____________ ________________ between the drug and a functionally important molecule in the body. Some drugs act by combining with a small molecule or producing alterations of cell membrane activity. However, the major mechanism by which drugs interact is by combining with macromolecular components of tissues, such as receptors.

Pharmacokinetics

•The processes that control absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs by the body

Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion

•4 basic response factors:

route, GI motility, dosage form, interactions

The amount of time needed to absorb a drug and the extent to which it becomes bioavailable depends on the:

passive transport

The drug simply moves across a cell membrane from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration. When the concentration equalizes on both sides of the cell membrane, the transport is complete.

1 multiple choice option

active transport

This requires energy from the cell and a carrier, which is usually a protein, to move a drug particle from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration. Sodium and potassium require a carrier to move from outside to inside a cell.

1 multiple choice option

Pinocytosis

Is a type of active transport in which a cell engulfs a drug particle, forms a protective coat around it and transports it across the cell membranes.

Villi

Drugs that are taken orally are usually absorbed in the small intestine through finger-like projections called:

circulatory system

Following absorption of a drug into the body, it must be distributed to its intended site of action via the:

liver

The most common site for metabolism in the body is the:

3 multiple choice options

half-life

determined by the time it takes a drug to transform into water-soluble metabolites and to be eliminated from the body.

clearance rate

A drug's removal from the body is called its:

Minimal Sedation

•Patients can respond to verbal commands

•Cognition and coordination may be affected

•Ventilation & cardiovascular function are unaffected

3 multiple choice options

Moderate Sedation

•Depression of consciousness

•Patients can respond to verbal commands

•Ventilation is adequate

•Cardiovascular function maintained

3 multiple choice options

Deep Sedation

•Depression of consciousness

•Patients cannot be easily aroused

•Respond after repeated or painful stimuli

•Ventilation may be inadequate

•Cardiovascular function is usually maintained

3 multiple choice options

General Anesthesia

•Patients are not arousable

•Ventilation is frequently inadequate

•Cardiovascular function may be impaired

3 multiple choice options

Analgesics

Relieve pain without causing loss of consciousness

2 groups:

Nonopiods (nonnarcotic)

Acetaminophen, Tylenol - mild to moderate pain

Opiods (narcotic)

Morphine, oxycodone - moderate to severe pain

Physical dependence and tolerance are common with long-term usage

Side effects: nausea, vomiting & constipation

Anesthetics

Reversibly depress neuronal function, producing loss of ability to perceive pain/other sensations

2 types:

General:

Inhalation agents - sevoflurane

Intravenous agents - propofol

Act as CNS depressants (produce muscle relaxation & loss of consciousness

Local:

Xylocaine, lidocaine - block nerve conduction from an area of the body to the CNS

Side effects: improper use leads to irregular heartbeat, seizures, breathing difficulties & death

Antianxiety Agents

Diazepam (Valium), lorazepam (Ativan) & benzodiazepine - treatment of muscle spasms & seizures

Midazolam (Versed) - preoperative drug (various radiology procedures)

antiarrhythmics

Treat arrhythmias (variations from the normal rhythm of the heartbeat)

Antibiotics

Kill or inhibit the growth of microorganisms

2 types:

Broad-spectrum

Ciprofloxacin (Cipro)

Narrow-spectrum

Penicillin

Side effects: allergic reactions

Anticholinergics

Reduce small muscle tone, motility of the GI tract, and secretions from respiratory tract & secretory glands

Oxybutynin (Ditropan), tolterodine (Detrol) - treatment of overactive bladder

Atrophine - preoperatively to inhibit secretions, prevent bradycardia

Side effects: dry mouth

Anticoagulants

Inhibit clotting of the blood or increase the coagulation time. Treat thromboembolic disorders

Heparin, enoxaparin (Lovenox) - parenteral

Warfin (Coumadin) - oral

Side effects: hemorrhage

Anticonvulsants

Prevent or control the occurrence of seizures

Antidiabetic Agents

2 types:

Type 1 (Insulin is absent)

Insulin

Type 2 (Insulin deficiency)

Metformin (Glucophage) – discontinue before the use of radiographic contrast

Side effects: hypoglycemia (low glucose)

Antiemetics

Prevent and treat nausea and vomiting

Antihistamines

Treat allergic disorders (acute & chronic). Upper respiratory tract infections & common cold

2 groups:

Sedating

Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) – oral & parenteral (intermuscular) forms

Nonsedating

Loratadine (Claritin) & fexofenadine (Allegra) – oral forms

antihyperlipidemic agents

Lower cholesterol

antihypertensives

Treat hypertension (high blood pressure)

Bronchodilators

Treatment of asthma and COPD. Relax bronchial smooth muscles and dilate passages.

Classified as:

Short acting

Albuterol – inhalation or orally (fast acting)

Long acting

Tiotropium (Spiriva) – inhalation

Side effects: tremors, nervousness, increased heart rate & dry mouth

Coagulants

Control hemorrhage or speed up coagulation

Phytonadione (Mephyton) - oral & parenteral forms

Corticosteriods

Reduce the symptoms associated with chronic inflammatory disorders

Diuretics

Increase the amount of urine excreted by kidneys

Furosemide (Lasix) - treat edema associated with CHF

Hydrochlorothiazide - treat high BP

Side effects: excessive fluid loss and electrolyte imbalance

Hormones

Drugs that affect the endocrine system

Laxatives

Promote the passage and elimination of feces

nonsteriodal antiinflammatory drugs

Have analgesic, antipyretic (fever reducing) and anti-inflammatory actions

Sedatives, Hypnotics

Produce varying degrees of CNS depression (mild sedation - sleep)

Zolpidem (Ambien) & eszopiclone (Lunesta) - hypnotics

Side effects: extended use leads to dependence

Stimulants

Increase activity

CNS

Amphetamine salts (Adderall) & methylphenidate (Ritalin) – treat attention deficit/hyperactivity (ADHD)

Myocardium

Dobutamine (Dobutrex) & dopamine (Intropin) – parenteral (hypotension & shock)

Thrombolytics

Drugs that dissolve thrombi (clots) that have already formed

vasoconstrictors

Cause blood vessels to constrict, increasing heart action and raising BP

Norepinephrine (Levophed) - parenteral potent vasoconstrictor

Vasodilators

Cause blood vessels to dilate. Treat vascular disease and angina

idiosyncratic reaction

Abnormal response due to genetics

side effect

Drug acts on tissues not intended

absorption site

A drug must be made up of the same components as those at its intended ___________ ________.

strongest

When two or more drugs are present and competing for a limited number of plasma-binding sites, the drug with the ____________ affinity for the site acquires it.

metabolism, biotransformation

The manner in which drugs are inactivated in the

body is called: ___________ and _____________

kidneys

There are several ways that the body metabolizes drugs, but most often the drug is transformed into one or more inactive metabolites and then excreted in the ___________.

water-soluble

The kidneys can only excrete ________-__________ substances; therefore, an important aspect of drug metabolism is the transformation of lipid-soluble substances into water-soluble metabolites.

Excretion

process whereby drugs are eliminated from the body

chemical name, generic name, proprietary name

Pharmacologic agent nomenclature may include the:

Biopharmaceutics

_______ is the area of pharmacology that studies the methods for achieving effective drug administration.

mixing with one another

Immiscible liquids are incapable of:

decreased circulation to the GI tract

A patient in shock probably will have a lower absorption rate for orally administered medications because of:

Reduction

_______ is a reaction that results in gaining electrons or the addition of hydrogen to an organic compound.

mechanism of action

A drug's _______ _______ ________ is the way in which it interacts with the body to produce its intended effect

therapeutic index

The measure of a drug's safety is the:

forearm

The ventral surface of the _______ is the most common site of intradermal administration of medication.

autonomic nervous system

The sympathetic nervous system is part of the:

Epinephrine

______ should be administered to a patient who develops an anaphylactic reaction to a radiographic contrast medium

respiratory depression

Morphine can cause _______ in patients

barium sulfate

A patient with a perforated bowel is scheduled for a gastrointestinal exam. Which contrast agent cannot be used?

5

The overall incidence rate of adverse events with gadolinium-based contrast agents is _______ %

medical errors

According to the Institute of Medicine, more deaths occur each year from which of the following events?

true

True or false? Contrast-induced nephropathy is a common cause of renal failure in hospitalized patients.

1 multiple choice option

late response

When does Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis occur:

local edema

One of the immediate consequences of extravasation following parenteral administration of a medication is:

congestive heart failure

All of the following are complications of intravenous injections except:

3 multiple choice options

Kidneys

What is the most common site for drug excretion?

injected

What does parenteral administration of drugs mean?

bronchodilator

Which drug treats asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary (COPD) diseases?

3 multiple choice options

bioavailability

When a drug is changed from a tablet into a liquid before it passes into the circulatory system and taken to it's intended site in order to act

prescription

•Which legal classification of drugs requires documentation that specifies:

-Name of the drug

-Name of patient

-Dosage

Brand

•The _____________ name is given to a drug manufactured by a specific company.

anticoagulant

What type of drug is Heparin?

3 multiple choice options

anticholinergics

What type of drug is Atropine?

3 multiple choice options

antihistamine

Benadryl/Diphenhydramine

3 multiple choice options