Functional Groups and Carbohydrates

Hydroxyl

C-OH group called Alcohols. Is polar, increases solubility, and attracted water causing dissolving of compounds

Sulfhydrl

-SH group called thiols. Weak polarity, two groups interact to stabilize protein structure.

Carbonyl

C=O group called ketones or aldehyde. It's polar and can be structural isomers

Carboxyl

C=O-OH group called carboxylic acids or organic acids. It's an acid (H+) source, polar, and forms COO- ion.

Amine

NH2 group called amines. It's polar, a base (H+), and forms NH3+ ion

Methyl

CH3 bond called methylated compounds. It's un-reactive, affects the expression of genes if interacted with DNA, non-polar/hydrophobic, and its arrangement in sex hormones affects shape and function.

Phosphate

PO4 3- group called organic phosphates. It's polar, makes a molecule into an anion, transfers energy between molecules, acidic, forms OPO3 2- and reacts with water to release energy (BIG energy transfer-er).

Organic compound

Contains carbon-hydrogen bonds. It's from organisms.

Inorganic compounds

Doesn't have hydrogen bonds and isn't from living matter

Hydrocarbons

Organic molecules with only CH bonds, are non-polar/hydrophobic, and can react and release a lot of energy.

adenosine trophosphate (ATP)

Has an organic molecule connected to three phosphate groups. Reacts with water and release energy used by the cell.

Monomer

A building block for larger molecules (polymers). Monosaccharides, fatty acids, amino acids, nucleotides.

Polymer

Macromolecules of multiple monomers. Examples: Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids.

Macromolecules

Big complex molecules necessary for life that are made of monomers and make polymers. There are three types: lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and proteins. Lipids don't have polymers.

Dehydration Synthesis

When a short polymer and monomer react by forming water as a byproduct to create on polymer with a covalent bond.

Hydrolysis

A bonded short polymer and monomer that react by using water to break apart their covalent bond and separate into two molecules.

Molecules of water needed to hydrolyze polymers

# of monomers - 1

What reactions occur in digestion

Hydrolysis to break down the food then dehydration synthesis to create nutrients for the human body (both facilitated by enzymes).

Carbohydrates

A biomolecule of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio (CH2O, simplest sugar). Energy source or structural component.

Monosaccharides

The simplest sugars that make carbohydrates and can't go through hydrolysis and is a monomer. Glucose, fructose, and galactose are the most common monosaccharides.

Dissacharides

two monosaccharides bonded together by a glycosidic bond

Polysaccharides

Three or more monosaccharides bonded together by glycosidic bonds

Polysaccharide Storage in Plants

Stored as starch in the roots, seeds, and leaves. It's starch because it's compact which allows the plant to use the starch for energy in a specific place.

Polysaccharide Storage in Animals

Stored as glycogen in the liver and muscles. The molecule is very branches out which allows it to be a quick energy release and fuel mobility.

Polysaccharide Structure in Plants

Stored as cellulose that keeps plants stiff and upright.

Polysaccharide Structure in Animals

Chitin for some animals, used for protection and support especially in animals with exoskeletons like arachnids, insects, and crustaceans (and more.) In some fish and mollusks.

Carbohydrates function

An energy source and structural support

Lipids

Groups of hydrophobic, non polar organic molecules

Lipid types

Triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids

Triglycerides

AKA fats, it's a lipid molecule with one glycerol backbone and 3 fatty acids (looks like an E). Either saturated or unsaturated. Nonpolar and hydrophobic

Saturated fat

A carbon chain (lipid) that has all the possible hydrogens and each carbon has one hydrogen. It's a perfectly straight line. They're from animals, are solid, and dense.

Unsaturated fat

A lipid where not every carbon has a hydrogen, resulting in double bonds between carbons. Found in plants, bent shape, not dense, and liquid at room temp.

Phospholipids

Triglycerides with choline and phosphate. The phosphate makes it polar and hydrophilic. One end of the molecule is hydrophilic and the other is hydrophobic which is called amphipathic. Found in cell membranes all over our bodies.

Steroids

A lipid. An important one is cholesterol which is essential to structural stability of animal cell membranes. Has four fused hydrocarbon rings.

Phospholipids Function

Group together to form lipid bilayers in plasma and cell membranes. The hydrophobic "legs" stay on the inside and the hydrophilic "head" stays on the outside to be surrounded by fluids (from being amphipathic).

Fats/Triglycerides function

Provides energy storage and support cell function. Can provide insulation for mammals.

Steroid Function

Hormones that support physiological functions including growth and development, energy metabolism, and homeostasis (achievement of healthy equilibrium with the body).