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Why did most alpha particles pass straight through gold foil in Rutherford's experiment?
Because most of the atom is made of empty space.
What happens when an alpha particle approaches a positively charged gold nucleus?
The alpha particle is repelled due to both having positive charges.
What was disproved by Rutherford's experiment with gold foil?
The plum pudding model.
What are the three main conclusions from Rutherford's nuclear model of the atom?
Most of the atom is empty space. 2. Most of the mass of the atom is in a tiny central nucleus, which is positively charged. 3. Electrons orbit the nucleus at a distance, like planets around the Sun.
What are the three sub-atomic particles of an atom?
Neutrons (neutral charge), protons (positive charge), and electrons (negative charge).
What is ionisation?
The process by which an atom loses or gains an electron, resulting in a charged ion.
What is the process called when an atom absorbs electromagnetic radiation and an electron moves further from the nucleus?
Excitation.
What happens during alpha decay?
The nucleus emits an alpha particle, resulting in a lower mass number and lower proton number for the daughter nucleus.
What is the difference between nuclear fission and fusion?
Fission involves large nuclei splitting into smaller ones, while fusion involves small nuclei joining together to form larger ones.
What is a nuclear reactor used for?
To produce heat through a controlled chain reaction for generating steam.
What is background radiation?
Radiation that we are exposed to all the time from natural and man-made sources.
What is the purpose of gamma irradiation in food?
To kill bacteria and extend the shelf life of packaged food.
How is nuclear radiation used in medical applications?
For exploration of internal organs and targeting unwanted tissue, such as tumors.
Why do medical tracers have a short half-life?
To limit the amount of radiation exposure to the patient.
What is contamination in the context of radiation?
When radioactive atoms get onto other materials.
What is the role of coolant in a nuclear reactor?
To transfer heat away from the fuel to produce steam.
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