Introduction to Perinatal Nursing in Canada

What does the Canada Health Act (1984) provide for?

Funding for universal medical and hospital care.

Who is responsible for administering Medicare in Canada?

Provincial and territorial governments.

What is the wait time for new immigrants to access health care in Canada?

90-day wait time.

What does the Lalonde Report (1974) focus on?

Health promotion.

What are the key goals of the Ottawa Charter (1986)?

Reduce inequities, increase prevention, enhance capacity to live with chronic disease, and promote intersectoral collaboration.

What are some contemporary issues and trends in health care?

Social determinants of health, trauma-informed care, adverse childhood experiences, and LGBTQ2 health.

What are social determinants of health?

Factors like socioeconomic status, health inequities, and cultural influences that affect health outcomes.

What is trauma-informed care?

An approach that minimizes harm, enhances safety, and promotes resilience for all clients.

What are Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE)?

Experiences of physical/emotional abuse, neglect, and dysfunction that can lead to chronic conditions.

What is the impact of intergenerational trauma on Indigenous People?

Untreated trauma that carries through generations, affecting health and well-being.

What percentage of the Canadian population identified as Indigenous in 2016?

Almost 5%.

What challenges do LGBTQ2 individuals face in health care?

Discrimination, minority stress, and irregular access to health care.

What is the projected percentage of immigrants in Canada by 2031?

29-32%.

What is the importance of cultural competence in health care?

To provide culturally safe and responsive care to diverse populations.

What is the role of complementary and alternative health practices (CAM) in contemporary health care?

To offer additional healing options alongside conventional medicine.

What is the significance of health literacy in Canada?

60% of adults and 88% of older adults are not health literate.

What strategies can health care providers use to improve health literacy?

Speak slowly, use simple language, avoid jargon, and utilize interpreters.

What are some negative health outcomes associated with Adverse Childhood Experiences?

Chronic conditions, poor academic achievement, and substance abuse.

What is meant by 'visible vs invisible poverty' in the context of health?

Visible poverty is easily seen, while invisible poverty may not be immediately apparent but still affects health outcomes.

What is the focus of high-technology care in contemporary health care?

To integrate advanced technology into health care practices.

What role does social media play in health care?

It influences health communication and patient engagement.

What is the importance of HCP awareness in providing care to diverse populations?

To ensure inclusive and responsive health care that meets varied cultural and individual needs.

What are the key components of a universal trauma-informed approach?

Minimizing harm, enhancing safety, and fostering resilience.

What is evidence-informed or research-based practice in nursing?

It refers to the integration of the best available research with clinical expertise and patient values in the delivery of care.

What are the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)?

The SDGs are a set of global goals established in 2015 to address current global challenges, aiming for achievement by 2030.

What does SDG #3 focus on?

Improving maternal and child health.

What are some ethical issues in maternal-child nursing?

Reproductive technology, older persons' pregnancy, HIV positive individuals utilizing ART, life-saving measures for very-low-birth-weight newborns, and the right of terminally ill children to refuse treatment.

What are the ethical guidelines for nurses?

Nurses must protect the rights of persons, engage in collaborative decision-making, be educated in ethics and legal issues, and adhere to the Code of Ethics (CNA).

What must researchers ensure regarding human participants?

They must protect the rights of participants, ensure informed consent, analyze risks and benefits, and obtain ethical approval for research.

What is a family according to traditional views?

The primary unit of socialization, though there is no universal definition.

What are the common types of family relationships?

Consanguineous (blood), affinal (marital), and family of origin (born into).

What role does family play in health care?

Families are pivotal in health care, supporting care and decision-making at their level of choice.

What is Family-Centered Care (FCC)?

A collaborative, complex, dynamic process that provides safe, skilled, individualized care.

What are some theories/models used in family nursing practice?

Family Systems Theory, Family Life Cycle Theory, Family Stress Theory, McGill Model of Nursing, and The Collaborative Partnership Approach.

What is the Calgary Family Assessment Model (CFAM)?

A framework that helps nurses assess families from multiple perspectives, including phenomenological, sociopolitical, spiritual, and socioecological.

How is cultural identity expressed?

Cultural identity is dynamic, expressed in various ways, and not limited to race, ethnicity, or religion.

What are important values for providing culturally competent care?

Respect, valuing differences, inclusivity, equity, and commitment to culturally safe nursing care.

What is the significance of self-reflection in cultural competence?

Self-reflection on one's cultural values is crucial for understanding their impact on nursing care provision.

What is the role of family dynamics in health care?

Family dynamics involve using resources to create a safe environment for development, nurturing, socialization, identity formation, and problem-solving.

What is the importance of partnerships with families in nursing?

Partnerships foster respect and dignity, allowing families to participate in care and decision-making.

What are ethical dilemmas in maternal-child nursing?

Situations that challenge ethical decision-making, such as balancing the rights of the mother and child.

What does collaborative decision-making entail in nursing?

Engaging patients and families in the decision-making process regarding their care.

What is the goal of interprofessional education in nursing?

To enhance collaboration among healthcare professionals for improved patient outcomes.

What is the significance of cultural knowledge in nursing?

Cultural knowledge helps nurses provide care that respects and responds to the diverse backgrounds of patients.

What is the impact of multiculturalism on nursing care?

Multiculturalism requires nurses to adapt their practices to meet the needs of diverse populations, avoiding stereotypes.

What is the role of ethical approval in research?

To ensure that research involving human participants is conducted ethically and protects their rights.

What are essential nursing practices that embody mutual respect?

Addressing what matters most to the person and family, and integrating traditional healing practices.

What is the goal of practicing in a culturally competent environment?

To highlight power imbalances in health care relationships and create an environment free of discrimination and racism.

What is cultural humility?

A process of self-reflection to raise awareness of personal and systemic biases.

What are some key communication strategies in a cultural context?

Using simple language, interpreters, and respecting personal space.

Why is it important to ask for permission before touching a patient?

It respects personal boundaries and cultural norms.

How can time orientation affect patient care?

Patients may be oriented to the past, present, or future, influencing their perspective on health and treatment.

How do social class and cultural norms affect family roles in health care?

They influence the involvement and decision-making roles of family members in patient care.

What does spirituality encompass in the context of nursing?

It refers to whatever or whoever gives ultimate meaning and purpose in one's life.

Why is it important for nurses to be aware of their own spiritual beliefs?

It is essential for providing holistic nursing assessment and care.

What does perinatal nursing encompass?

Care from preconception to postpartum in multiple settings.

What are the guiding principles of the Canadian Association of Perinatal and Women's Health Nurses (CAPWHN)?

Caring, health & well-being, justice, informed decision making, dignity, confidentiality, and accountability.

What are some inequities in access to perinatal care?

Social determinants of health such as poverty and lower education levels lead to poorer perinatal outcomes.

What is Family-Centered Maternity and Newborn Care (FMNC)?

An approach that involves participation of clients and their families in decision-making and values diversity.

What are the guiding principles of FMNC?

Optimal healthy parent-infant attachment, culturally appropriate care, collaboration, and ongoing evaluation.

What role does the Canadian Perinatal Surveillance System (CPSS) play?

It monitors 50 infant and maternal health indicators.

What are some causes of maternal deaths worldwide according to WHO?

Severe bleeding, infections, hypertensive disorders, complications from birth, and unsafe abortion.

What significant statistic about maternal mortality was reported in 2023?

260,000 women died, with one maternal death occurring every 2 minutes.

What is the difference in maternal mortality rates between low-income countries and high-income countries?

LIC: 346 vs HIC: 10.

What is the impact of conflict on maternal mortality rates?

Conflict-affected areas had a higher maternal mortality rate (504) compared to non-conflict regions (368).

What can prevent most maternal deaths?

Care by skilled health professionals before, during, and after childbirth.

What are some current issues in perinatal health care?

Interprofessional care, breastfeeding initiatives, community-based care, and global health challenges.

What is the Baby-Friendly Initiative (BFI)?

A global program to encourage breastfeeding and improve infant health.

What sustainable development goal relates to global health?

Sustainable Development Goal #3.

What are some global health issues mentioned?

Female genital cutting and human trafficking.