Test #4 Biology Honors

Organic Compounds

originally thought to be compounds produced by living organisms, now it refers to compounds containing carbon

Organic (science definition)

containing carbon

Carbon Bonding

The carbon atom is unique and carbon compounds are found in living organisms

Property 1 of carbon bonding

Carbon atoms have 4 valence electrons

Property 2 of carbon bonding

Carbon can bond with other carbon atoms

Single Bond

one covalent connection between two atoms

Double Bond

two covalent connections between two atoms

Triple Bond

three covalent connections between two atoms

Monomer

building block of a polymer

Carbon Compounds

compound containing carbon

Macromolecules

another name for carbon compounds

polymer

another name for carbon compounds

Carbohydrates

the starches and sugars present in foods

monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

monomer of carbohydrates, sugars

mono

one

saccharide

sugar

di

two

poly

many

monosaccharides

one sugar unit

Examples of monosaccharides

glucose, galactose, fructose, and ribose/deoxyribose

Glucose

blood sugar

Galactose

found in milk

Fructose

fruit and honey

Ribose/Deoxyribose

RNA sugar/DNA sugar

Sides of a glucose molecule

6 sides

Sides of a fructose molecule

5 sides

disaccharides

two sugar units

Examples of disaccharides

sucrose, lactose, and maltose

Sucrose

table sugar

What makes up sucrose

glucose and fructose

Lactose

milk

polysaccharides

many sugar units

Maltose

malt sugar

What makes up lactose

glucose and galactose

C, H, O

the atoms that make up monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

Examples of polysaccharides

glycogen, cellulose, starch, and chitin

Glycogen

storage form of glucose

Where is glycogen found

liver and muscles

Cellucose

the material found in cell walls of plants

Products made from cellulose

clothes, paper products, wood

Starch

the material in things like wheat, corn, rice pasta, potatoes, and bread

Chitin

the second most common polysaccharide found in arthropod exoskeletons and fungal cell walls

Isomer

having the same chemical formula but a different 3D structure

Example of an isomer

glucose, fructose, and galactose

What makes up maltose

glucose and glucose

ratio of carbohydrates elements

1:2:1

Functions of carbohydrates

main source of energy, and for structural purposes

Straight Chains

carbons are in a straight line

Branched Chains

carbons are not in a straight line

Rings

carbons are in a circle or ring

Lipid

fat

Functions of lipids

long term energy storage, biological membranes, waterproof coverings

fatty acids, waxes, and steroids

monomer of lipids

Fatty Acids

chains of carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms

Examples of fatty acids

saturated fats, unsaturated fats, and polyunsaturated fats

Saturated Fats

single bonds, solid

Examples of saturated fats

butter, beef fat, lard

Lard

white, solid fat made from pork carcasses

Unsaturated Fats

1 double bond, liquid

Example of unsaturated fats

olive oil

Polyunsaturated Fats

2 or more double bonds, liquid

Examples of polyunsaturated fats

soybean oil, corn oil

four functional groups

carboxyl group, carbon chain, r-group, amino group

Carboxyl Group

a normally abdominal group of bonded atoms at the end of a carbon chain, COOH

Carbons Chain

the part of a molecule apart from the carboxyl group and r-group

R-Group

a group in amino acids that determines the specific amino acid

Amino Group

A functional group opposite the carboxyl group that consists of a NH2

Side Chain

another name for the R-group

ratio of lipid elements

lots more C and H bonds

Wax

waterproof coverings

Ear Wax

a wax that helps keep microorganisms from entering ear

Waxy Coatings on leaves

a wax that helps prevent water loss

Carnuba Wax

a wax used to make floor wax and automobile wax

Steroids

hormones

Anabolic Steroids

steroid used for athletics, enhances the effects of testosterone

Sex Hormones

hormones that regulate the development and functioning of reproductive organs and others functions

Testosterone

male

Estrogen and Progesterone

female

Cortisone

steroid that treats inflammatory disease/arthritis

Cholesterol

the steroid found in brain and nerve tissues, blood stream

C, H, O

the atoms that make up fatty acids, waxes, and steroids

Proteins

nutrients the body uses to build and maintain its cells and tissues

Functions of a protein

regulates cell processes and controls rates of rxn's (enzymes), forms bones and muscles, helps fight diseases, transports substances in and out of cells

C, H, O, N

the atoms that make up amino acids

Number of different amino acids

20

Amino Acid

monomer of proteins

Nucleic Acids

DNA and RNA

How many amino acids are in the average protein

100

Nucleotide

monomer of nucleic acids, containing a sugar group (5 carbon), phosphate group, and nitrogen base

C, H, O, N, P

the atoms that make up nucleotides

Sugar Group

a 5 carbon group of sugar in a nucleotide

The sugar in DNA

deoxyribose

The sugar in RNA

ribose

Phosphate Group

a group in nucleotide made of phosphoric acid

Nitrogen base

The chemicals that make up the rungs of the DNA ladder. A, T, C, G, and U in RNA

A

Adenine

T

Thymine

C

Cytosine

G

Guanine

U

Uracil