Patho Ch 1 & Pharm Ch 1-2 Notes Exam #1

Flashcards from lecture notes on General Aspects of Pathophysiology & Pharmacology

Homeostasis

The maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment regardless of external changes

Health

Physical, mental, and social well-being

Disease

Deviation from the normal state of homeostasis

Pathophysiology

Functional (physiologic) changes in the body as a result from disease

Idiopathic

Cause of disease is unknown

Iatrogenic

Error/treatment/procedure that may cause the disease

Prophylaxis

Preserve health; prevent spread of disease

Pathogenesis

Development of the disease, step by step processes causing problems (cause & effect)

Acute Disease

Sudden/acute onset of disease, short-term, develops quickly

Insidious Disease

Gradual, vague, or mild signs of a disease (gradual)

Chronic disease

Develops gradually with milder symptoms

Subclinical state

Pathologic changes, no obvious manifestations

Latent state

No symptoms or clinical signs evident

Prodromal period

Early development of the disease; signs are nonspecific or absent (malaise - gradual buildup)

Local Manifestation

Clinical evidence with signs and symptoms at the site of the problem

Systemic Manifestation

General indicators of illness, i.e. fever

Signs

Objective indicators of disease

Symptoms

Subjective feelings

Lesions

Specific local change in the tissue (scratch all the way to tumor)

Syndrome

Collection of signs and symptoms

Remission

Period which manifestations subside

Exacerbation

A worsening of severity (“flare- up” - e.g., MS)

Precipitating factor

Condition that triggers an acute episode

Complications

New secondary or additional problems

Therapy

Measures to promote recovery/slow progress

Sequelae

Potential unwanted outcomes

Convalescence or rehabilitation

Period of recovery and return to healthy state

Morbidity

Disease rates within a group

Mortality

Relative number of deaths resulting from the disease

Epidemiology

Tracking the pattern or occurrence of disease

Incidence

Number of new cases in a given population within a given time period

Prevalence

Number of new, old, or existing cases within a given population and time period (all cases)

Epidemics

A higher number of expected cases of an infectious disease occur within an area

Pandemic

Involve a higher number of infectious diseases in many regions of the globe

Infarction

Area of dead cells as a result of oxygen deprivation, implies loss of function with enough loss of tissue/cellular death

Gangrene

Area of necrotic tissue that has been invaded by bacteria, linked with Diabetes and feet infections leading to amputation

Atrophy

Decrease in the size of cells; results in reduced tissue mass (abnormal can be due to excessive muscle non-use e.g., bed rest)

Hypertrophy

Increase in cell size; results in enlarged tissue mass (abnormal can be due to hormonal imbalance)

Hyperplasia

Increased number of cells; results in enlarged tissue mass (skeletal muscle cannot do hyperplasia, abnormal can be due to hormonal imbalance)

Metaplasia

Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type (differentiation - less functional/specialized), ciliated cells, respiratory epithelium, and goblet cells can be replaced with stratified squamous tissue

Dysplasia

Cells vary in size and shape within a tissue (“Pre-cancer”)

Anaplasia

Undifferentiated cells, with variable nuclear and cell structures, cancer malignancies, cells found in a different area

Neoplasia

New growth commonly called tumor, can be benign or malignant

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death, injured cell releases enzymes that engulf and destroy itself, *usually physiologic*, affects single cells

Necrosis

results from irreversible cell injury, dying cells cause further cell damage due to cellular disintegration (abnormal, not programmed), injured cell has ruptured plasma membrane, *always pathologic*, affects other cells through inflammation

Liquefaction necrosis

Dead cells liquefy because of release of cell enzymes (brain)

Coagulative necrosis

Cell proteins are altered or denatured coagulation

Fat necrosis

Fatty tissue broken down into fatty acids

Caseous necrosis

Form of coagulation necrosis with a thick, yellowish cheesy substance, specifically tuberculosis, creates a Ghon complex - where an area is walled off with Caseous necrosis

Hypoxia

Reduced oxygen in tissues, most common cause of cellular injury due to it causing Ischemia

Ischemia

Most common, lack of Oxygen delivered through blood flow

Pharmacology

Study of drugs and their origin, nature, properties, and effects on living organisms

Generic Name

Assigned by United States Adopted Name (USAN) Council, initial lowercase letter; never capitalized always

Trade Name

Assigned by the Pharmaceutical Company (Patent), capitalized first letter - always for trade name, might have Tall Man Lettering (e.g., CeleXA vs CeleBREX)

Chemical Name

Complete molecular formula

Official Name

Listed name in USP/NF reference, usually the same as generic and is when the drug is developed

Over-the-counter (OTC)

No purchasing restrictions by the FDA

Legend drug

Prescription drug: determined unsafe for over-the-counter purchase because of possible harmful side effects if taken indiscriminately, includes birth control pills, antibiotics, cardiac drugs, and hormones

Controlled substance

Drug controlled by prescription requirement because of the danger of addiction or abuse

Off-label medication

Drug used in a way not indicated on the FDA label (e.g., Viagra)

Indications

List of medical conditions or diseases for which the drug is meant to be used

Actions

Description of the cellular changes that occur as a result of the drug

Contraindications

List of conditions for which the drug should not be given

Cautions

List of conditions or types of patients that warrant closer observation for specific side effects when given the drug

Side effects and adverse reactions

List of possible unpleasant or dangerous secondary effects, other than the desired effect

Interactions

List of other drugs or foods that may alter the effect of the drug and usually should not be given during the same course of therapy

Primary prevention

Protect healthy people from developing a disease or experiencing an injury in the first place

Secondary prevention

Happens after an illness or serious risk factors have already been diagnosed, goal to halt or slow progress, limit long-term disability, prevent re-injury (hypertension, bad lipid levels)

Tertiary prevention

Helping people manage complicated chronic health problems, preventing further physical deterioration and maximizing quality of life (major complicated diagnosis e.g, cancer or AIDS)

Stage 1 Research Process

No human subjects, “basic science”, identify tech to be used, lab work.

Stage 2 Research Process

Small number of human subjects

Stage 3 Research Process

Clinical trials begin, can take a number of years to be deemed safe and reach the market, and can also be removed and pulled from the market, “double blind studies”, large number of patients with the disease or risk of the disease

Gross level

Organ or system level

Microscopic level

Cellular level

Biopsy

Excision of small amounts of living tissue

Autopsy

Non-living, examination of body and organs after death

Diagnosis

Identification of a basic disease including evaluation of signs and symptoms as well as lab tests

Differential diagnosis

3-5 things that are likely to be the disease

Working diagnosis

Treating as a diagnosis but don’t truly know (best guess)

Etiology

Causative factors in a particular disease, correlations (multifactorial - not just 1 cause)

1906 Pure Food and Drug Act

1st federal law enacted, 1st attempt to protect consumers, label container if dangerous ingredients, established 2 references (USP - United States Pharmacopeia and NF - National Formulary)

How many schedules of controlled substances are there?

5

Schedule I (C-I)

Illegal - not approved for medical use in the United States; high abuse potential

Schedule II (C-II)

High abuse potential; written prescription only; no refills without new prescription

Schedule III (C-III)

May lead to moderate dependence; written, faxed, or phoned prescription by physician; may be refilled up to 5 times in 6 months

Schedule IV (C-IV)

Lower abuse potential; prescription may be written by health care professional and signed by physician; phoned in by health care professional; may be refilled up to 5 times in 6 months

Schedule V (C-V)

Lowest abuse potential; may be refilled up to 5 times in 6 months

FDA

 Oversees drug testing before release

 Inspects plants where foods, drugs, medical devices or cosmetics are made

 Reviews new drug applications for food additives

 Investigates/removes unsafe drugs from the market

 Ensures labeling of foods, cosmetics, and drugs

 Concerned with general safety standards in the production of drugs, foods, and

cosmetics

 Responsible for the approval and removal of products on the market

DEA

 Concerned only with controlled substances

 Enforces laws against drug activities (illegal drug use, dealing, and manufacturing)

 Monitors need for changing the schedules of abused drugs

 Created as the need for better control of addictive drugs became urgent

 Handles all the needs and safety controls for the more dangerous drugs

What are the top 8 Drug Classifications

1. Lipid-lowering agents

2. Antidepressants

3. Narcotic analgesics

4. Antihypertensive

5. Diuretics

6. Antidiabetics

7. Antibiotics

8. Anticoagulants