Anatomy and Physiology Review Flashcards

Flashcards for Anatomy and Physiology review, covering topics from body positions to the reproductive system.

What are the main topics covered in Chapter 2?

Body positions, Body cavities, and Imaging techniques.

What are the differences between bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa?

Distinctions in structure, function, and replication.

What are the main cell organelles?

Nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, etc.

What is the difference between active and passive transport?

Active transport requires energy (ATP), while passive transport does not.

What are the four main types of tissues and where are they located?

Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues. Locations vary.

What are the different types of membranes in the body?

Mucous, serous, synovial, and cutaneous membranes.

What are the anatomical features of bone?

Periosteum, compact bone, spongy bone, bone marrow, etc.

What are the different types of ribs?

True ribs, false ribs, and floating ribs.

What are the different types of bone cells?

Osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts.

What are the three major muscle types?

Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle.

What is the difference between voluntary and involuntary muscle control?

Voluntary muscles are consciously controlled (e.g., skeletal), while involuntary muscles are not (e.g., smooth, cardiac).

What is the chemical action of muscle movement?

Involves actin and myosin filaments sliding past each other, powered by ATP and calcium.

What are the components of the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

CNS: Brain and spinal cord. PNS: Nerves and ganglia outside the CNS.

What are the anatomy and physiology of the spinal cord and meninges?

Spinal cord: Column of nervous tissue. Meninges: Protective membranes (dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater).

What are the differences between the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems?

Parasympathetic: 'Rest and digest.' Sympathetic: 'Fight or flight.'

What are the major glands of the endocrine system?

Pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries/testes, etc.

What are hormones and their functions?

Chemical messengers that regulate various bodily functions (e.g., growth, metabolism, reproduction).

How does blood flow through the heart?

Blood enters the right atrium, then to the right ventricle, to the lungs, back to the left atrium, then to the left ventricle, and out to the body.

What are the differences between arteries, veins, and capillaries?

Arteries: Carry blood away from the heart. Veins: Carry blood to the heart. Capillaries: Site of exchange.

What are the different types of blood cells?

Red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes).

What is the difference between respiration and ventilation?

Respiration: Gas exchange at cellular level. Ventilation: Movement of air in and out of the lungs.

What is the anatomy and physiology of the respiratory tract?

Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli. Function: Gas exchange.

What is the basic anatomy of the uterus?

Fundus, body, cervix. Layers: Endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium.