Chapter 11 - Digestive System

What is the digestive system also known as?

GI tract

What are accessory organs?

Salivary glands, liver, bile ducts, gallbladder, and pancreas

What is the pathway of food?

1. Food enters the mouth
2. Pharynx
3. Esophagus
4. Stomach
5. Small intestine
6. Large intestine
7. Anus

What composes the small intestine?

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

What composes the large intestine?

Cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum

What are bile ducts?

Passageways that carry bile (dark green to yellowish brown fluid that helps digest lipids in small intestine; produced by liver)

What’s a hepatic duct?

Carries bile from liver

What’s a cystic duct?

Carries bile to and from gallbladder

An/o

Anus

Antr/o

Antrum

Cec/o

Cecum

Col/o, colon/o

Colon (large intestine)

Duoden/o

Duodenum

Enter/o

Intestine(s) (small intestine)

Esophag/o

Esophagus

Gastr/o

Stomach

Ile/o

Ileum

Jejun/o

Jejunum

Or/o, stomat/o

Mouth

Proct/o, rect/o

Rectum

Sigmoid/o

Sigmoid colon

Abdomin/o, celi/o, lapar/o

Abdomen, abdominal cavity

Append/o, appendic/o

Appendix

Cholangi/o

Bile duct(s)

Chol/e

Gall, bile

Choledoch/o

Common bile duct

Diverticul/o

Diverticulum pl. diverticula (pouch extending from hollow organ)

Gingiv/o

Gum(s)

Gloss/o, lingu/o

Tongue

Hepat/o

Liver

Herni/o

Hernia (protrusion of an organ through membrane or cavity wall)

Palat/o

Palate

Pancreat/o

Pancreas

Peritone/o

Peritoneum

Polyp/o

Polyp, small growth

Pylor/o

Pylorus, pyloric sphincter

Sial/o

Saliva, salivary gland

Uvul/o

Uvula

Hemi-

Half

-pepsia

Digestion

Appendicitis

Inflammations of the appendix

Cholelithiasis

Gallstones

Cholangioma

Tumor of bile duct

Cholecystitis

Inflammation of gallbladder

Choledocholithiasis

Stones in common bile duct

Colitis

Inflammation of colon

Diverticulitis

Inflammation of diverticulum

Enteritis

Inflammation of intestines

Gastroenteritis

Inflammation of stomach and intestines

Gingivitis

Inflammation of gums

Glossitis

Inflammation of tongue

Hepatitis

Inflammation of liver

Palatitis

Inflammation of palate

Pancreatitis

Inflammation of pancreas

Peritonitis

Inflammation of peritoneum

Proctitis

Inflammation of rectum

Uvulitis

Inflammation of uvula

How does diverticulosis occur?

When small, bulging pouches (diverticula) develop in your digestive tract

When does diverticulosis become diverticulitis?

When one of more these pouches become inflamed or infected

Hepatoma

Tumor of the liver

Polyposis

Abnormal condition of (multiple) polyps

Rectocele

Hernia of the rectum

Sialolith

Stone in the salivary gland

Adhesion

Abnormal growing together of two peritoneal surface that are normally separated

Celiac disease

Malabsorption syndrome caused by an immune reaction to gluten (damages lining of small intestine)

Crohn disease

Chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract usually affecting ileum and colon (cobblestone ulcerations and formation of scar tissue)

Gastroesophageal reflux disease

Abnormal back flow of gastrointestinal contents into esophagus; causes heartburn and breakdown of mucous barrier in esophagus

Cirrhosis

Chronic disease of liver with gradual destruction of cells and formation of scar tissue (caused by alcoholism and types of viral hepatitis)

Intussusception

Telescoping of a segment of the intestine

Hemorrhoids

Swollen or distended veins in the rectum or anus

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

Periodic disturbances of bowel function (ex. diarrhea/constipation; has abdominal pain)

Peptic ulcer

Erosion of mucous membrane of the stomach of duodenum (caused by increased secretion of acid from stomach, bacterial infection, or medications)

Polyp

Tumorlike growth extending from outward from a mucous membrane; usually benign

Ulcerative colitis (UC)

Disease characterized by inflammation of the colon with the formation of ulcers (cause bloody diarrhea)

Abdominocentesis/paracentesis

Surgical puncture to aspirate fluid from the abdominal cavity

Appendectomy

Excision of the appendix

Cholecystectomy

Excision of the gallbladder

Choledocholithotomy

Incision into the common bile duct to remove a stone

Colectomy

Excision of the colon

Colostomy

Creation of an artificial opening into the colon (through abdominal wall)

Enterorrhaphy

Suturing of intestine

Esophagogastroplasty

Surgical repair of the esophagus and the stomach

Gastrectomy

Excision of the stomach (or part of the stomach)

Gastrostomy

Creation of an artificial opening into the stomach (through the abdominal wall)

Hemicolectomy

Excision of half of the colon

Herniorrhaphy

Suturing of a hernia (for repair)

Ileostomy

Creation of an artificial opening in the ileum (through the abdominal wall)

Laparotomy/celiotomy

Incision in the abdominal cavity

Polypectomy

Excision of polyp

Colonoscope

Instrument used for visual examination of the colon

Anastomosis

Connection created by surgically joining two structures such as blood vessels or bowel segments

Bariatric surgery

Surgical reduction of gastric capacity to treat morbid obesity

Cholangio/gram

Radiographic image of bile ducts

Esophag/o/gram (or esophogram/barium swallowing)

Radiographic imaging of the esophagus and pharynx. Uses contrast medium (Ex. Barium) to study function and form of swallowing)

Capsule endoscopy/camera endoscopy

(Capsule) visual examination within a hollow organ; uses camera to take pictures of gastrointestinal tract; not easily accessed by traditional endoscopy

Colonoscopy

Visual examination of the colon

Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)

Visual examination of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum

Esophagoscopy

Visual examination of the esophagus

Gastroscope

Instrument used for visual examination of the stomach

Laparoscope

Instrument used for visual examination of the abdominal cavity