13.1,13.2,14.1

heat-killed bacteria mixed with live harmless bacteriea

died

transforming factor

DNA

Stores and transmits genetic info from one generation of bacterium to the next

DNA

Discovered the transforming principle

Frederick Griffith

A virus that infects bacteria/ a virus that attaches itself to the surface of bacterium and injects its genetic info into it

bacteriophage

Found that DNA is the hereditary material

Hershey and Chase

The role of DNA

storing info, copying info, gene expression

Can DNA be copied

yes

What do genes control

developement

Whats the monomer of DNA

nucleotides

Whats the polymer of DNA

nucleic acids

What are the four nitrogenous bases of DNA

Guanine, Cytosine, adenine, and thymine

What are the four nitrogenous bases of RNA

Guanine, Cytosine, adenine, and uracil

What does Guanine go with

Cytosine

what does Thymine go with

adenine

what does uracil go with

adenine

what are nucleotides joined together by

covalant bonds

what are nucleotides between

sugar of one and the phosphate group of the next

Who used X-ray diffraction

Rosalind Franklin

What is the shape of DNA

double helix

what is the shape of RNA

single helix

helped discover DNAs molecular structure

Watson and Crick

the two strands of DNA run opposite directions

antiparallel strands

form between certain nitrogenous bases to hold two strands together

hydrogen bonds

two complementary DNA nucleotide bases that pair to form a rung of the DNA ladder

base pairing

helps put the genetic code into action, helps direct the production f proteins, and controls the assembly of amino acids.

RNA

Help determine an organisms characteristics

protein

DNA - RNA - protein

Central Dogma

DNA sugar

deoxyribose sugar

RNA sugar

ribose sugar

molecule of RNA that carry copies of instructions from the nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasm

mRNA

What does mRNA stand for

messenger RNA

molecules that make up the subunits of ribosomes

rRNA

what does rRNA stand for

ribosomal RNA

molecule that carries amino acids to the ribosome and matches them to the coded mRNA message

tRNA

what does tRNA stand for

Transfer RNA

DNA - RNA

transcription

an enzyme that carries out transcription

RNA polymerase

What are the steps of RNA polymerase

binds to DNA, separates the two strands, one strand is a template to assemble nucleatotides - RNA

portions of RNA that are cut out and discarded

introns

spliced (joined) back together to form final mRNA

exons

mice was injected with heat-killed bacteria

survived

found that DNA stores and transmits genetic information

Oswald Avery

tested the transforming ability of many substances

Oswald Avery

found that the genetic material of bacteriophage is DNA

Hershey and Chase

DNA is in

all living cells

the building blocks of DNA are

nitrogenous bases

three basic components of nucleotides

pentose sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogenous base

discovered that ratios of the nitrogenous bases are equal

Erwin Chargaff

Discovered the structure of DNA

Rosalind Franklin

each strand of DNA has a sequence of bases that make a protein to

store information

DNA can be pulled apart by hydrogen bonds and still be replicated to

copy information

DNA is passed down through offspring to

transmit information

In eukaryotes RNA is formed in the ____ and then travels to the ___.

Nucleus, cytoplasm

RNA binds to regions of DNA which are start signals for transcription is called

promotors

What is this type of RNA called

tRNA

What is this type of RNA called

mRNA

What is this type of RNA called

rRNA

proteins that help speed up metabolism, or the chemical reactions in our bodies.

enzymes

RNA - proteins

translation

DNA - DNA

replication