PSY 304- Exam 2 (Review)

Fight or Flight Response

increased heart rate, respirations and blood pressure, decreased digestion of food

What system is the fight or flight response tied to?

Sympathetic nervous system (SNS)

Rest and Digest Response

decreased heart rate, respirations and blood pressure, increased digestion

What system is the rest and digest response tied to?

Parasympathetic nervous system (PNS)

What is an Anxiety Disorders?

Group of Disorders Characterized by heightened physical arousal, cognitive distress, & escape or avoidance - Future-oriented response

Three Components of Anxiety

Physical symptoms

Negative cognitions

Avoidance behavior

Panic Attack vs Panic Disorder

Panic attacks are short burst of panic that reach a peak and pass. Panic Disorders are reoccurent unexpected panic attacks that interfere with daily living (goes on for atleast a month)

Symptoms of a Panic Attack

Heart palpitations, sweating, trembling, SOB, choking, nausea, dizziness, fear of dying or going crazy, chills

What is Comorbidity?

Being diagnosed with anxiety and another disorder

What is Agoraphobia?

"Fear of Market" - the fear and anxiety of large crowded places and leaving home

Fear of Fear Model

Physiological Symptoms (alarm reaction) --> Cognitive Misinterpretation (uh-oh reaction) --> intensified negative emotions (fear & anxiety) --> Hurry up/Tense reaction (avoidance) --> increased muscle tension -->

What is Generalized Anxiety Disorder? (GAD)

Intense/excessive worry about the future that is difficult to control for more than 6 months and accompanied by physiological symptoms

What is Social Anxiety Disorder

The fear that they one will be embarrassed or humiliated which would then lead others to reject the person or evaluate them negatively - goes on for atleast 6 months and makes a persons social life decrease heavily

Relationship between Selective Mutism and Social Anxiety

In children selective mutism is when the child defined as a consistent failure to speak; will speak at home but not outside home or around others

Specific Phobias and Subtypes

Symptoms cause emotional distress, unreasonable fears, and functional impairment

Could be animal, natural environment, blood-injection injury, situational or other

Why is Blood-injection-injury phobia unique?

it leads to vasovagal syncope (low HR, low BP) => fainting

Separation anxiety disorder in children and adults.

Excessive anxiety concerning separation from one whom the individual is attached and worry that something will happen to their attachment figures - Sometimes accompanied by headaches or stomachaches - 4 weeks in children and 6+ months in adults

What is Posttraumatic Stress Disorder PTSD

Usually follows a traumatic event when an individual witnesses injury or harm or death to another person or themselves

Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

- Intrusion = nightmares, images

- Avoidance = avoiding thoughts/reminders

- Negative alterations in Cognitition = detachment, shame, anger

- Anxiety/Arousal = sense of being on edge

Type of trauma most likely to lead to posttraumatic symptoms.

Sexual assault, physical assault and serious accidents are the top 3

How do individual variables impact the prevalence rate of posttraumatic stress disorder.

- 4-7% of adult population in U.S. has been diagnosed with PTSD

- Black, Latinx,, and Indigenous have higher rates

- Low SES is correlated with higher rates of PTSD

- Gender and veteran status also significantly impact prevalence rates

Biological factors that contribute to the onset of anxiety and posttraumatic stress disorders.

- Role of neurotransmitters (especially serotonin which regulates emotion)

- The amygdala and limbic system process fear

- Twin and family studies support role genetics plays in anxiety and trauma

Modern psychodynamic Theory - onset of anxiety and posttraumatic stress disorders.

anxiety as a defense from unconscious conflicts that often involve relationships

Behavioral Theory - onset of anxiety and posttraumatic stress disorders.

conditioning, observation learning anxious tendencies

Cognitive Theory - onset of anxiety and posttraumatic stress disorders.

anxiety results from maladaptive thoughts that interpret situations in a negative manner

Top pharmacological treatments for anxiety and posttraumatic stress disorders.

SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors)

lesser options = SNRIs (serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors), Benzodiazepines

Treatments for anxiety and posttraumatic stress disorders.

Interpersonal psychotherapy in controlled conditions, Behavioral and cognitive treatments have most success in studies (exposure therapy happens in these treatments)

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Recurrent, persistent, intrusive thoughts (obsessions) combined with repetitive behaviors or mental acts (compulsions) that interfere with daily life

What are common obsessions?

dirt/germs, aggression, failing to perform a behavior adequate, sex, and religion.

What is negative Reinforcement?

anxiety about obsession is relieved by completing a compulsion, strengthening the obsession instead of overcoming

Prevalance and Comorbidity of OCD

1-3% depending on genetic factors, environmental factors, and trauma

very common to be comorbid

Treatments

Exposure & Response prevention (behavioral) , Challenging the overimportance of thoughts (cognitive) , and medication

Cognitive- Behavioral Model of OCD

trigger --> intrusive thoughts --> appraisal/interoretation --> preform compulsion OR endure anxiety

What are the Obsessive - Compulsive Related Disorders

-Body dysmorphic disorder

-trichotillomania

-hoarding disorder

Characteristics of Hoarding Disorder

the need/urge to keep things and buy new things regardless of value and it severely impacts life and living space

Difference between Tricotillomania and Excoriation?

Trichotillomania = excessive hair pulling

Excoriation = excessive skin picking

Symptoms for both = the urge to pull any hair/skin, repeated attempts to stop, causes impairment and distress in everyday life, and not caused by a medical reason

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

the excessive and intense thought of seeing defects and flaws in physical appearance

How does BDD differ from OCD?

OCD can be anything and BDD is specifically body image

What is Somatic symptom disorder?

one or more somatic symptoms accompanied by excessive thoughts, feelings, behaviors regarding the symptoms (disproportionate and persistent thoughts about the seriousness of one's symptoms , Persistently high level of anxiety about health or symptoms , Excessive time and energy devoted to these symptoms or health concerns)

Functional neurological symptom disorder (conversion disorder)

-Consists primarily of neurological symptoms such as altered motor sensory dysfunction without a neurological diagnoses

-Focusing on the neurological symptoms rather than the somatic symptom

What is Illness anxiety disorder?

fears or concerns about having an illness persist despite medical reassurance

-Only mild physical symptoms accompanied by significant anxiety

What is Glove anesthesia?

Limb Numbness- a sign of a functional neurological system disorder

What is Malingering?

condition where a person intentionally produces or exaggerates physical or psychological symptoms to gain external benefits (legal system, medical system, and sometimes in the military)

Difference between faticious disorder and malingering?

Physical symptoms are produced voluntarily out of a need to be in a sick role (doesn't obtain anything tangible) vs. malingering, individuals with factitious disorder are not producing the symptoms for external gain

Pathological Disorders?

depersonalization/derealization disorder

dissociative amnesia

dissociative identity disorder

What is Depersonalization disorder?

feeling of detatchment from ones body- experiencing the self as strange or unreal

What is Derealization disorder?

feeling of unfamiliarity or unreality about ones physical or interpersonal environment

Symptoms of Depersonalization and Derealization Disorder?

clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning, The disturbance is not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance or another medical condition,

What is Major Depressive Disorder?

Sad mood/ loss of interest in activities, and has to have experienced a major depressive episode

symptoms of major depressive disorder

Depressed mood

Loss of interest

Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day

Fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day

Significant change in weight

What is Persistent depressive disorder?

chronic state of depression for a longer time and less severe symptoms

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder Symptoms

Anxiety

Increased irritability or anger

Sudden mood swings

Decreased interest in usual activities

Change in appetite

Depressive disorder with peripartum onset

same symptoms as major depressive disorder, (mothers feel disconnected from their child and guilty because they feel that they should be enjoying being a mother)

What are associated features of major depressive disorder.

Average onset of 29 years old

About 2 times more women are diagnosed than men

Commonly comorbid with cardiovascular, metabolic, and inflammatory disorders.

Difference Between Bipolar 1 & 2

Bipolar I has full blown mania - Bipolar II has more hypomania and depression

What is Mania?

Elated/abnormally high mood

Prevelance and Symptoms of Bipolar Disorder

1% in early adulthood - Changes in mood, energy, and ability to function, Mood shifts between the two extremes, mania and depression

what is disruptive mood regulation disorder?

severe recurrent temper outbursts that are severly out of proportion between ages 6-18, symptoms present for 1 year

What are the features of Pyromania?

Deliberate and purposeful fire setting on more than one occasion

Tension or affective arousal before the act

Fascination or interest in fire

Pleasure, gratification, or relief when setting fires or witnessing the aftermath

The fires are not set for monetary gain or a form of expression

What is Kleptomania?

Failure to fight urges to steal objects with no value or gain (same features as pyromania just theft)

How do biological factors contribute to OCD?

Family studies show that the prevalence of OCD in first-degree relatives of adults and children/adolescents with OCD is 10% to 20% higher and nueroanatomy

Modern psychodynamic theory with OCD

views symptoms of OCD as a vivid description of the subjective world of the individual; that is, although there may be some underlying etiological factors that initiate OCD symptoms, each person is viewed as having their own specific personal path to developing the disorder

Behavioral theories with OCD

obsessional fears are acquired through classical conditioning and maintained via operant conditioning

Cognitive theories with OCD

Focus on the roles of misinterpretations and erroneous thought processes. It shows that intrusive thoughts are normal; it's just the reaction to the thought.

similarity between pyromania and kleptomania

Dopamine- involved in the reward-seeking aspects of these disorders.

OCD treatments

High does of SSRI's for adults, or Cingulotomy, capsulotomy, and deep-brain stimulation can be beneficial for people with treatment-refractory OCD

What is Cognitive behavioral therapy?

includes exposure with response prevention (ERP ), which is an effective treatment for adults and children with OCD.

What is Dissociative amnesia?

inability to recall information usually because of a personal nature - Usually of a traumatic or stressful nature, that is inconsistent with ordinary forgetting

What is Dissociative identity disorder?

disruption of identity characterized by two or more distinct personality states, which may be described in come cultures as an experience of possession

Symptoms of DID?

-Recurrent gaps in the recall of everyday events, important personal information

-The disturbance is not a normal part of a broadly accepted cultural or religious practice

-The primary symptom often emerges only after the individual has entered treatment

What is the controversy surrounding DID?

some researchers suggesting that it is usually fabricated or only exists as a result of the suggestion of a therapist

factors that increase risk for depressive and bipolar disorders

- Depressive and bipolar disorders are polygenic meaning they are influenced by more than one gene. (run in the family)

- Some neurotransmitters have also been linked to these disorders like serotonin, catecholamines, and GABA.

- A newer area of research is inflammation.

Contrast psychodynamic, behavioral, and cognitive theories of depressive disorders

Psychodynamic: anger turned inwards

Behavioral: Withdrawal of reinforcement for healthy behaviors

Cognitive: Negative thoughts lead to depression

Treatments for depressive disorders

Medications (antidepressants, psychedelics), Cognitive behavioral therapy, interpersonal psychotherapy, behavioral activation

Treatments for bipolar disorder

Lithium, electroconvulsive therapy, anticonvulsant medications, Cognitive behavioral therapy, interpersonal and social rhythm therapy