AO3 Milgram

AO3: IT LACKS INTERNAL VALIDITY

P - Orne and Holland - Milgram's set up wasn't believable for Ps

E - Milgrams questionnaire one year later *

E - Ps seem to be in real concern in the videos and why would 34% refuse to continue if they believed it to be fake?

L - Rosenhan replicated Milgram and found 70% of Ps believed the set up

what were the %s of Milgram's one year later questionnaire?

56% fully believed

24% had some doubt but mainly believed

6.1% weren't sure

11.4% had some doubt and on balance probably didn't believe

2.4% were certain the shocks weren't real

Kurdika

REAL HARM TO SELF

- Ps had to eat quinine soaked biscuits if they failed to memorise something

- all Ps ate all biscuits even if they threw up

- showed Milgrams results are probably valid as Ps are willing to harm even themselves in order to be obedient

AO3: ECOLOGICAL, POPULATION AND TEMPORAL VALIDITY

P - some researchers criticise Milgram for his artificial setting, lack of population validity and time period

E - Gross - the artificial setting actually mirrors many real life situations where obedience is tested - good validity

Carlsmith et al - Milgram's experiment has both mundane (was believable to Ps) and experimental realism (effectively engaged Ps)

Many researchers have found similar results to Milgram in real life obedience experiments

HAS BEEN REPLICATED MANYYYY TIMES

E - Culture - Milgram only used white, American Men

most replications cross-culture say the same thing

some differences*

Gender - females experience more stress but the %

of obedience is the same

Temporal - hasnt been carried out since 1985 and wouldn't

be allowed anymore

Obedience doesn't seem to have declined (Blass)

AO3: UNETHICAL

Harm - Ps experienced psychological and physical harm

(some Ps had seizures)

Milgram's defence was that he didn't intend to cause

the harm (only 1% of obedience predicted)

84% glad to have participated

Deception - Milgram deceived his Ps but there was strong

scientific justification

Cost-benefit analysis (good for the world vs bad

for Ps)

Milgram couldn't have no deceived the Ps as only

1% of Ps said they would go to 450Vs when only

asked

Lack of fully informed consent

Right to withdraw - Ps ordered to continue (kind of have to

infringe on this guideline to do an

obedience study)