What anatomy is in the Central Nervous System?
Brain and Spinal cord
What anatomy is in the Peripheral Nervous System?
Cranial/Spinal nerves and peripheral ganglia
What types of cells are in the nervous system?
sensory, motor, and interneurons
What is another name for sensory neurons?
afferent
What do sensory neurons do?
Detect changes in internal and external environment and carry information from organs to the brain
What is another name for motor neurons?
efferent
What do motor neurons do?
Control muscle contraction and movement and carry information from the brain to the organs
What do interneurons do?
relay information/connect sensory and motor neurons
Where are glia and what do they do?
CNS; support neurons
What are the types of glia?
Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia
What are astrocytes and what do they do?
glia; physically support (glue together) neurons; control chemical environment by removing debris via phagocytosis; convert glucose to lactate to nourish neurons
What are oligodendrocytes and what do they do?
glia; produce the myelin sheath around axons in CNS
What are microglia and what do they do?
glia; act as phagocytes and protect brain from invading organisms
What are the external parts of a neuron?
soma, dendrites, axon, synapse, neurotransmitter, myelin sheath, and Nodes of Ranvier
What is the soma and what does it do?
cell body; contains the nucleus; protein synthesis (maker)
What are dendrites and what do they do?
branches attached to cell body; receive information from other neurons
What are axons and what do they do?
tail of neuron that branches out; send action potentials from soma to terminal buttons; covered by myelin sheath
What is a synapse?
A junction between the terminal buttons on a presynaptic neuron and the soma/dendrite of a postsynaptic neuron
What is a neurotransmitter?
chemicals released by a terminal button of the presynaptic neuron that excites or inhibits the postsynaptic neuron
What is the myelin sheath and what does it do?
surrounds and insulates axons; prevent the message from spreading
What are the Nodes of Ranvier?
naked portion of a myelinated axon
What are the internal parts of a neuron?
cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleolus, cytoskeleton, microtubule, and endoplasmic reticulum
What is the cell membrane and what does it do?
lipid bilayer of cell that controls the transportation of molecules
What is cytoplasm and what does it do?
jellylike fluid that contains organelles
What is a nucleolus?
contains genes and produces ribosomes which synthesize protein
What is a cytoskeleton?
gives neuron volume and shape; contains microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments
What does a microtubule do?
transport substances within the axon (axoplasmic transport)
What does the Rough ER do?
produces proteins for secretion; contains ribosomes
What does the Smooth ER do?
separates molecules; produces lipid molecules
What are Schwann Cells?
Produce myelin in PNS; each segment of myelin is one Schwann cell
What is the Blood Brain Barrier and what does it do?
selectively permeable barrier between blood and brain; regulates chemical composition of the extracellular fluid surrounding brain cells
What unique human characteristics rely on a large brain?
tool use, color vision, fire, upright posture, and language
What is neurogenesis and where does it occur?
production of new neurons in adults; hippocampus and olfactory bulb
How much of the body's blood flow and energy go to the brain?
20% of blood flow and 25% of energy
The human brain in encased in? and floating in?
skull; cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
What are the two types of cells in the brain?
neurons and glial cells
What is the neuraxis?
line drawn through the length of the CNS
What are the anatomical terms used to describe front and back?
Anterior/Rostral (front) and Posterior/Caudal (back)
What are the anatomical terms used to describe top and bottom?
dorsal (top/back) and ventral (bottom/belly)
What are the anatomical terms used to describe toward the side and center?
Lateral (sides) and Medial (center)
What are the anatomical terms used to describe same side and opposite side?
Ipsilateral (same) and contralateral (opposite)
What are the three major ways to section the human brain?
frontal (front/back); transverse (top/bottom); sagittal (left/right)
What are the layers of the meninges from skull to brain
dura mater, arachnoid membrane, pia mater
What is the space in between the arachnoid membrane and pia mater?
arachnoid space filled with CSF
How many ventricles are in the brain?
4 (lateral, third, and fourth)
What is inside all the ventricles?
CSF
Where is CSF produced in the ventricles?
choroid plexus
Where is CSF reabsorbed in the ventricles?
arachnoid granulation
What are the major divisions of the brain?
forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain
What are the subdivisions of the brain?
telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon
What are the principal structures of the brain?
cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system, thalamus, hypothalamus, tectum, tegmentum, cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata
What ventricles are in the forebrain?
lateral and third
What subdivisions are in the forebrain?
telencephalon and diencephalon
What subdivision is in the lateral ventricles?
telencephalon
What subdivision is in the third ventricle?
diencephalon
What principal structures are in the forebrain?
cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system, thalamus, hypothalamus
What principal structures are in the lateral ventricles?
cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and limbic system
What principal structures are in the third ventricle?
thalamus and hypothalamus
What principal structures are in the telencephalon?
cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and limbic system
What principal structures are in the diencephalon?
thalamus and hypothalamus
What ventricle is in the midbrain?
cerebral aqueduct
What subdivision is in the midbrain?
mesencephalon
What principal structures are in the midbrain?
tectum and tegmentum
What subdivision is in cerebral aqueduct?
mesencephalon
What principal structures are in the cerebral aqueduct?
tectum and tegmentum
What principal structures are in the mesencephalon?
tectum and tegmentum
What ventricle in the hindbrain?
fourth
What subdivisions are in the hindbrain?
metencephalon and myelencephalon
What principal structures are in the hindbrain?
cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata
What subdivisions are in the fourth ventricle?
metencephalon and myelencephalon
What principal structures are in the fourth ventricle?
cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata
What principal structures are in the metencephalon?
cerebellum and pons
What principal structure is in the myelencephalon?
medulla oblongata
How many layers does the cerebral cortex have?
6
What are sulci?
small grooves on the brain
What are fissures?
large grooves on the brain
What are gyri?
bulges on the brain
How many lobes are in the cerebral cortex and what are they?
4; frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal
Where is the frontal lobe relative to the occipital lobe?
anterior
Where is the parietal lobe relative to the temporal lobe?
dorsal
Where is the temporal lobe relative to the frontal lobe?
ventral/caudal
Where is the occipital lobe relative to the parietal lobe?
posterior/dorsal
What are the primary sensory regions?
primary visual cortex, primary auditory cortex, primary somatosensory cortex, insular cortex, olfactory bulbs
What sensory information travels ipsilaterally?
olfaction and gustation
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