Biological Bases of Behavior Exam 1 Review

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What anatomy is in the Central Nervous System?

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What anatomy is in the Central Nervous System?

Brain and Spinal cord

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What anatomy is in the Peripheral Nervous System?

Cranial/Spinal nerves and peripheral ganglia

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What types of cells are in the nervous system?

sensory, motor, and interneurons

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What is another name for sensory neurons?

afferent

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What do sensory neurons do?

Detect changes in internal and external environment and carry information from organs to the brain

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What is another name for motor neurons?

efferent

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What do motor neurons do?

Control muscle contraction and movement and carry information from the brain to the organs

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What do interneurons do?

relay information/connect sensory and motor neurons

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Where are glia and what do they do?

CNS; support neurons

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What are the types of glia?

Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia

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What are astrocytes and what do they do?

glia; physically support (glue together) neurons; control chemical environment by removing debris via phagocytosis; convert glucose to lactate to nourish neurons

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What are oligodendrocytes and what do they do?

glia; produce the myelin sheath around axons in CNS

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What are microglia and what do they do?

glia; act as phagocytes and protect brain from invading organisms

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What are the external parts of a neuron?

soma, dendrites, axon, synapse, neurotransmitter, myelin sheath, and Nodes of Ranvier

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What is the soma and what does it do?

cell body; contains the nucleus; protein synthesis (maker)

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What are dendrites and what do they do?

branches attached to cell body; receive information from other neurons

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What are axons and what do they do?

tail of neuron that branches out; send action potentials from soma to terminal buttons; covered by myelin sheath

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What is a synapse?

A junction between the terminal buttons on a presynaptic neuron and the soma/dendrite of a postsynaptic neuron

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What is a neurotransmitter?

chemicals released by a terminal button of the presynaptic neuron that excites or inhibits the postsynaptic neuron

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What is the myelin sheath and what does it do?

surrounds and insulates axons; prevent the message from spreading

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What are the Nodes of Ranvier?

naked portion of a myelinated axon

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What are the internal parts of a neuron?

cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleolus, cytoskeleton, microtubule, and endoplasmic reticulum

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What is the cell membrane and what does it do?

lipid bilayer of cell that controls the transportation of molecules

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What is cytoplasm and what does it do?

jellylike fluid that contains organelles

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What is a nucleolus?

contains genes and produces ribosomes which synthesize protein

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What is a cytoskeleton?

gives neuron volume and shape; contains microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments

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What does a microtubule do?

transport substances within the axon (axoplasmic transport)

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What does the Rough ER do?

produces proteins for secretion; contains ribosomes

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What does the Smooth ER do?

separates molecules; produces lipid molecules

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What are Schwann Cells?

Produce myelin in PNS; each segment of myelin is one Schwann cell

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What is the Blood Brain Barrier and what does it do?

selectively permeable barrier between blood and brain; regulates chemical composition of the extracellular fluid surrounding brain cells

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What unique human characteristics rely on a large brain?

tool use, color vision, fire, upright posture, and language

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What is neurogenesis and where does it occur?

production of new neurons in adults; hippocampus and olfactory bulb

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How much of the body's blood flow and energy go to the brain?

20% of blood flow and 25% of energy

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The human brain in encased in? and floating in?

skull; cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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What are the two types of cells in the brain?

neurons and glial cells

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What is the neuraxis?

line drawn through the length of the CNS

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What are the anatomical terms used to describe front and back?

Anterior/Rostral (front) and Posterior/Caudal (back)

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What are the anatomical terms used to describe top and bottom?

dorsal (top/back) and ventral (bottom/belly)

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What are the anatomical terms used to describe toward the side and center?

Lateral (sides) and Medial (center)

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What are the anatomical terms used to describe same side and opposite side?

Ipsilateral (same) and contralateral (opposite)

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What are the three major ways to section the human brain?

frontal (front/back); transverse (top/bottom); sagittal (left/right)

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What are the layers of the meninges from skull to brain

dura mater, arachnoid membrane, pia mater

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What is the space in between the arachnoid membrane and pia mater?

arachnoid space filled with CSF

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How many ventricles are in the brain?

4 (lateral, third, and fourth)

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What is inside all the ventricles?

CSF

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Where is CSF produced in the ventricles?

choroid plexus

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Where is CSF reabsorbed in the ventricles?

arachnoid granulation

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What are the major divisions of the brain?

forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain

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What are the subdivisions of the brain?

telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon

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What are the principal structures of the brain?

cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system, thalamus, hypothalamus, tectum, tegmentum, cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata

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What ventricles are in the forebrain?

lateral and third

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What subdivisions are in the forebrain?

telencephalon and diencephalon

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What subdivision is in the lateral ventricles?

telencephalon

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What subdivision is in the third ventricle?

diencephalon

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What principal structures are in the forebrain?

cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system, thalamus, hypothalamus

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What principal structures are in the lateral ventricles?

cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and limbic system

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What principal structures are in the third ventricle?

thalamus and hypothalamus

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What principal structures are in the telencephalon?

cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and limbic system

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What principal structures are in the diencephalon?

thalamus and hypothalamus

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What ventricle is in the midbrain?

cerebral aqueduct

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What subdivision is in the midbrain?

mesencephalon

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What principal structures are in the midbrain?

tectum and tegmentum

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What subdivision is in cerebral aqueduct?

mesencephalon

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What principal structures are in the cerebral aqueduct?

tectum and tegmentum

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What principal structures are in the mesencephalon?

tectum and tegmentum

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What ventricle in the hindbrain?

fourth

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What subdivisions are in the hindbrain?

metencephalon and myelencephalon

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What principal structures are in the hindbrain?

cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata

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What subdivisions are in the fourth ventricle?

metencephalon and myelencephalon

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What principal structures are in the fourth ventricle?

cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata

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What principal structures are in the metencephalon?

cerebellum and pons

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What principal structure is in the myelencephalon?

medulla oblongata

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How many layers does the cerebral cortex have?

6

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What are sulci?

small grooves on the brain

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What are fissures?

large grooves on the brain

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What are gyri?

bulges on the brain

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How many lobes are in the cerebral cortex and what are they?

4; frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal

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Where is the frontal lobe relative to the occipital lobe?

anterior

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Where is the parietal lobe relative to the temporal lobe?

dorsal

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Where is the temporal lobe relative to the frontal lobe?

ventral/caudal

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Where is the occipital lobe relative to the parietal lobe?

posterior/dorsal

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What are the primary sensory regions?

primary visual cortex, primary auditory cortex, primary somatosensory cortex, insular cortex, olfactory bulbs

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What sensory information travels ipsilaterally?

olfaction and gustation

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