Biological Bases of Behavior Exam 1 Review

What anatomy is in the Central Nervous System?

Brain and Spinal cord

What anatomy is in the Peripheral Nervous System?

Cranial/Spinal nerves and peripheral ganglia

What types of cells are in the nervous system?

sensory, motor, and interneurons

What is another name for sensory neurons?

afferent

What do sensory neurons do?

Detect changes in internal and external environment and carry information from organs to the brain

What is another name for motor neurons?

efferent

What do motor neurons do?

Control muscle contraction and movement and carry information from the brain to the organs

What do interneurons do?

relay information/connect sensory and motor neurons

Where are glia and what do they do?

CNS; support neurons

What are the types of glia?

Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia

What are astrocytes and what do they do?

glia; physically support (glue together) neurons; control chemical environment by removing debris via phagocytosis; convert glucose to lactate to nourish neurons

What are oligodendrocytes and what do they do?

glia; produce the myelin sheath around axons in CNS

What are microglia and what do they do?

glia; act as phagocytes and protect brain from invading organisms

What are the external parts of a neuron?

soma, dendrites, axon, synapse, neurotransmitter, myelin sheath, and Nodes of Ranvier

What is the soma and what does it do?

cell body; contains the nucleus; protein synthesis (maker)

What are dendrites and what do they do?

branches attached to cell body; receive information from other neurons

What are axons and what do they do?

tail of neuron that branches out; send action potentials from soma to terminal buttons; covered by myelin sheath

What is a synapse?

A junction between the terminal buttons on a presynaptic neuron and the soma/dendrite of a postsynaptic neuron

What is a neurotransmitter?

chemicals released by a terminal button of the presynaptic neuron that excites or inhibits the postsynaptic neuron

What is the myelin sheath and what does it do?

surrounds and insulates axons; prevent the message from spreading

What are the Nodes of Ranvier?

naked portion of a myelinated axon

What are the internal parts of a neuron?

cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleolus, cytoskeleton, microtubule, and endoplasmic reticulum

What is the cell membrane and what does it do?

lipid bilayer of cell that controls the transportation of molecules

What is cytoplasm and what does it do?

jellylike fluid that contains organelles

What is a nucleolus?

contains genes and produces ribosomes which synthesize protein

What is a cytoskeleton?

gives neuron volume and shape; contains microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments

What does a microtubule do?

transport substances within the axon (axoplasmic transport)

What does the Rough ER do?

produces proteins for secretion; contains ribosomes

What does the Smooth ER do?

separates molecules; produces lipid molecules

What are Schwann Cells?

Produce myelin in PNS; each segment of myelin is one Schwann cell

What is the Blood Brain Barrier and what does it do?

selectively permeable barrier between blood and brain; regulates chemical composition of the extracellular fluid surrounding brain cells

What unique human characteristics rely on a large brain?

tool use, color vision, fire, upright posture, and language

What is neurogenesis and where does it occur?

production of new neurons in adults; hippocampus and olfactory bulb

How much of the body's blood flow and energy go to the brain?

20% of blood flow and 25% of energy

The human brain in encased in? and floating in?

skull; cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

What are the two types of cells in the brain?

neurons and glial cells

What is the neuraxis?

line drawn through the length of the CNS

What are the anatomical terms used to describe front and back?

Anterior/Rostral (front) and Posterior/Caudal (back)

What are the anatomical terms used to describe top and bottom?

dorsal (top/back) and ventral (bottom/belly)

What are the anatomical terms used to describe toward the side and center?

Lateral (sides) and Medial (center)

What are the anatomical terms used to describe same side and opposite side?

Ipsilateral (same) and contralateral (opposite)

What are the three major ways to section the human brain?

frontal (front/back); transverse (top/bottom); sagittal (left/right)

What are the layers of the meninges from skull to brain

dura mater, arachnoid membrane, pia mater

What is the space in between the arachnoid membrane and pia mater?

arachnoid space filled with CSF

How many ventricles are in the brain?

4 (lateral, third, and fourth)

What is inside all the ventricles?

CSF

Where is CSF produced in the ventricles?

choroid plexus

Where is CSF reabsorbed in the ventricles?

arachnoid granulation

What are the major divisions of the brain?

forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain

What are the subdivisions of the brain?

telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon

What are the principal structures of the brain?

cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system, thalamus, hypothalamus, tectum, tegmentum, cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata

What ventricles are in the forebrain?

lateral and third

What subdivisions are in the forebrain?

telencephalon and diencephalon

What subdivision is in the lateral ventricles?

telencephalon

What subdivision is in the third ventricle?

diencephalon

What principal structures are in the forebrain?

cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system, thalamus, hypothalamus

What principal structures are in the lateral ventricles?

cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and limbic system

What principal structures are in the third ventricle?

thalamus and hypothalamus

What principal structures are in the telencephalon?

cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and limbic system

What principal structures are in the diencephalon?

thalamus and hypothalamus

What ventricle is in the midbrain?

cerebral aqueduct

What subdivision is in the midbrain?

mesencephalon

What principal structures are in the midbrain?

tectum and tegmentum

What subdivision is in cerebral aqueduct?

mesencephalon

What principal structures are in the cerebral aqueduct?

tectum and tegmentum

What principal structures are in the mesencephalon?

tectum and tegmentum

What ventricle in the hindbrain?

fourth

What subdivisions are in the hindbrain?

metencephalon and myelencephalon

What principal structures are in the hindbrain?

cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata

What subdivisions are in the fourth ventricle?

metencephalon and myelencephalon

What principal structures are in the fourth ventricle?

cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata

What principal structures are in the metencephalon?

cerebellum and pons

What principal structure is in the myelencephalon?

medulla oblongata

How many layers does the cerebral cortex have?

6

What are sulci?

small grooves on the brain

What are fissures?

large grooves on the brain

What are gyri?

bulges on the brain

How many lobes are in the cerebral cortex and what are they?

4; frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal

Where is the frontal lobe relative to the occipital lobe?

anterior

Where is the parietal lobe relative to the temporal lobe?

dorsal

Where is the temporal lobe relative to the frontal lobe?

ventral/caudal

Where is the occipital lobe relative to the parietal lobe?

posterior/dorsal

What are the primary sensory regions?

primary visual cortex, primary auditory cortex, primary somatosensory cortex, insular cortex, olfactory bulbs

What sensory information travels ipsilaterally?

olfaction and gustation

Where is the primary visual cortex?

back of brain along calcarine fissure

Where is the primary auditory cortex?

lower surface of lateral fissure (middle of brain)

Where is the primary somatosensory cortex?

caudal to central sulcus (behind motor)

Where is the insular cortex?

base of somatosensory cortex

Where are the olfactory bulbs?

ventral to frontal lobes (in front)

What do sensory association areas do?

analyze and integrate information from primary sensory areas

Where is the primary motor cortex? what does it do? and how does its information travel/

just in front of primary somatosensory cortex; connections between brain and muscles; contralaterally

What does the motor association cortex do?

control primary motor cortex and behavior

How does information flow through the primary cortices and association cortices/

sensory cortex to association cortex to motor cortex = behavior and movement

What is the prefrontal cortex's function?

important for formulating plans and strategies, reasoning, and cause and effect

What are the structures in the limbic system?

hippocampus, amygdala, fornix, and mammillary bodies

What does the limbic system do?

emotion, learning, and memory

What is the basal ganglia and what are its major parts?

a group of subcortical nuclei; caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus

What is the basal ganglia's function?

control of movement

What are the thalamic nuclei?

lateral geniculate nucleus, medial geniculate nucleus, ventral posterior nucleus, ventroanterior/ventrolateral nuclei

What is the function of the lateral geniculate nucleus?

relays visual information to primary visual cortex