AP European History Test 1 Study Materials (copy)

Where does the Renaissance start?

Florence, Italy

What does the Italian Renaissance mark?

The transition from the Middle Ages to modernity

What is the Italian Renaissance known for?

Cultural achievements

What was the Renaissance a rebirth of?

It was a rebirth of interests in ancient Greece and Rome. Europeans saw Greeks and Romans as what they could be like and that they could surpass them

What were the key pillars of the Renaissance

Humanism, focus on classical texts, and human potential and achievements.

During the Renaissance what was the growing willingness of relating to established authority?

There was an increasing willingness of Europeans to question established authority such as the church

Republic of Florence importance to the Renaissance

no overseas colones, but still very rich

6. Papal States

Secular kingdom ruler by the catholic pope

What was the Donation of Constantine

A Forged Roman imperial decree in which the 4th century Emperor Constantine the Great transferred authority over Rome and the western part of the Roman Empire to the Pope.

What did the Donation of Constantine grant the Pope?

The right to rule over secular territory

What does Humanism focus on

Focus on classical text and human potential and achievement

What is humanism philosophy

Philosophy that focuses on the unlimited potential of human beings as an end in themselves

What was Francesco Petrarch considered as?

One of the earliest humanists, the father of humanism

Who was Francesco Petrarch?

He was from Florence, a Florence poet

What did Francesco Petrarch rediscover?

He rediscovered the letters of Cicero

What piece of work is Francesco Petrarch famous for?

His sonnets praising Laura in Italian

Who was Lenardo Bruni?

He was a humanist historian interested in ancient Greek and Roman

What did Leonardo Bruni pioneer?

The threefold divisions of history; ancient, medieval, and modern

Who commissioned many Renaissance paintings?

Many Renaissance paintings were commissioned by nobles or the Church

What was Geometric perspective like before the Renaissance

Geometric perspective didn't exist

What was Geometric perspective like after the Renaissance

the Renaissance allowed for a sense of geometric perspective

What was Latin like in the Renaissance?

Latin continued to be the primary language of scholarship in Western Europe as it was conventionally international

What are Vernacular Languages?

Languages used in everyday life by the common day people such as English, French, and German

What did the Catholic Church ban related to Vernacular Languages?

They banned the translation of the Bible into vernacular languages as they believed they lost control of the message if translated

What is the Vulgate?

The name for the edition of the bible that was translated into Latin

What did Lorenzo Valla promote?

New philological approaches to ancient text

What did Lorenzo Valla specifically study?

The Donation of Constantine

What did Lorenzo Valla prove about the Donation of Constantine?

He proved that its Latin could not possibly be authentic and it had to be forged by the pope to show he could shore up his land in Italy

When Lorenzo Valla says the Donation of Constantine isn’t authentic Latin, what does it challenge?

The pope's authority

What is philology

Philology is the love of words and the study of how languages change over time

What does Pico della Mirandola's "Oration on the Dignity of Man show?

Humans are a step below God but within reach.

Who was Pico della Mirandola?

An Italian thinker who celebrates the dignity of man.

What languages was Machiavelli’s The Prince written in?

Italian not Latin

Who was Michel de Montaigne?

A french writer during french religious wars (which were the worst years)

what did Michel de Montaigne write about?

He wrote essays on diverse subjects and explored things through writing

what language did Michel de Montaigne write in

French

What does The Prince justify?

It justifies the immoral means to achieve a ruler's goal

What did Naturalism and Humanism in art focus on?

It focused on individual and everyday life as well as celebrated wealth

What is naturalism?

The idea that only natural laws and forces operate in the universe and nothing exists beyond the natural world

Who was Lenardo Da Vinci?

He was a famous Renaissance artist

What is one example of a famous work by Leonardo Da Vinci?

Mona Lisa

Who commissioned the Mona Lisa?

A nobility

Who sketched the Vitruvian man?

Leonardo Da Vinci

What did the Virtruvian Man show?

It shows naturalism and humanism in art

What did the Virtruvian Man glorify?

The human body has perfect measurement

What are Michelangelo's art illustrate

The naturalism and humanism of the Renaissance

What does Michelangelo's David celebrate?

It celebrates the human form

Who commissioned Michelangelo to paint the Sistine Chapel in Rome?

Pope Sixtus IV

What does Michelangelo's creation of Adam in the Sistine Chapel glorify?

It glorifies human glory and that human beings were created in the image of God

What was Johannes Gutenberg credited with?

Being the inverter of the first European Press

What was Johannes Gutenberg the first to do?

He was the first to use printing with movable type in Europe

What did Gutenberg's movable type use?

Letters of the alphabet

What was the first printed book in European History on the movable press?

The Gutenberg Bible

What language was the Gutenberg Bible written in?

It was written in latin

When was the printing press made?

1450s

How were books made in the Middle Ages?

They had to be copied by hand in monasteries making them expensive, rare, and valuable

How did the printing press lead to a revolution?

It led to a revolution in the spread of information as books became cheap and easily accessible for the first time

What did the printing press encourage?

The printing press encouraged the growth of vernacular literature

Where was woodblock printing first invented?

Woodblock printing was first invented in China during the medieval era

How did paper get to Europe

The paper arrived in Europe from Arab lands in the Middle Ages

How did the Printing Press help the Renaissance?

It helped the Renaissance to spread beyond Italy

Who was Miguel de Cervantes?

He was a Spanish writer

What did Cervantes write?

Don Quixote

What was Don Quixote the first of?

It was the first novel in European literature.

What did Shakespeare's Hamlet celebrate?

Humankind as man is made in the image of God

What did William Shakespeare write?

Plays and poetry in English

What did Vernacular literature eventually help develop?

It eventually helped the development of national cultures

What do William Shakespeare, and Richard II celebrate?

They celebrated England

What was Northern Renaissance art featured?

It featured paintings of ordinary individuals and everyday life

What countries were the Northern Renaissance mainly in?

France, Germany, England

How did the Northern Renaissance compare to the Italian Renaissance?

The Northern Renaissance had a more religious focus.

What were the low countries of the Northern Renaissance

Netherlands (Holland), Belgium and Luxembourg

Why were the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg called the low countries?

Because they have low elevation at or below sea level

Where was Rembrant from?

Dutch

Example of a famous Rembrandt artwork?

The Return of the Prodigal Son

Who was Pieter Brugel the Elder?

He was a Dutch painter.

What is a famous biblical piece of work that Pieter Brueghel the Elder made?

The Tower of Babel

What does Pieter Brueghel the Elder Tower of Babel signify?

People tried to build a tower that could reach heaven but God made a new language so people couldn't communicate. Pieter painting glorifies the tower.

What did Pieter Brueghel's Dutch Proverbs illustrate?

Dutch sayings

What did Pieter Bruegel's Massacre of The Innocent show?

It showed a religious theme when Jesus was born the Jewish king killed all the babies up to the age of three.

What is Christian Humanism

Humanist thought with scriptural authority, emphasis on social reform

What was Christian Humanism infused with?

Infused with talk about the Christian faith and how we can take it seriously

What are the four main precursors to Christian humanism?

Erasmus (Dutch), Thomas More (Utopia), John Colet, Jan Hus,

Who was Thomas More

an English Christian Humanist

What are christian humanists concerned with?

Upholding Christian ideals believing some people weren't deeply pious of their religion

What book did Thomas More write?

He was the author of the Utopia

What was the Utopia

it was a satire of More's Europe that imagines of perfect society on a remote island

Who was John Colet?

He was an English Christian Humanist

Who did John Colet criticize?

Corrupt priest

What was the motto of the Reformation?

Ad Fontes or to the sources

What was the Protestant Reformation?

It was a protest reform movement against the catholic church

By 1500 was the Roman Catholic church seen as?

The roman catholic church was increasingly seen as Corrupt

Who symbolized the corruption of the catholic church

Pope Alexander VI

Who were people in the middle ages that were a precourse to the reformation?

John Wycliffe and the Lollards of England

What was the trigger of the protestant reformation?

It was the pope in Roem who decided to build a large beautiful cathedral St Peters in Rome.

When did the Protestant Reformation begin?

1517

What did Wyclife criticize?

He criticized the church in the 1300s and 1400s

What did Wyclife translate?

He translated the Bible into vernacular English which was forbidden during this time.

What did the Lollards criticize?

Abuses in the catholic church

Why did Wycliffe and Lollard want the bible translated into English?

So everyone can read God's words.