Hereditary and how traits are passed from generation to generation
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Molecular genetics
Chemical nature of the gene
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Population genetics
Genetic composition of groups of individuals
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Monohybrid cross ratio
3:1
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Testcross
A cross between an organism of unknown dominant genotype with an organism of known recessive genotype
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Why did Mendel use pea plants?
Many varieties
Easy to cross
They could self fertilize
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Monohybrid cross supports:
Segregation
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Dihybrid cross supports:
Independent assortment
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Dihybrid cross ratios
9:3:3:1
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Trihybrid cross ratios
27:9:9:9:3:3:3:1
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Chromosome
a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.
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Interphase
Period of cell cycle for cell growth
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S phase
DNA synthesis
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Prophase
Condensation of chromosomes. Spindle apparatus forms
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Prometaphase
Spindle fibers interact with sister chromatids. They connect to the kinetochore
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Metaphase
Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
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Anaphase
Centromeres divide longitudinally (sister chromatids are then considered chromosomes)
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Telophase
Nuclear envelope forms around each group of chromosomes
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Meiosis results in
4 haploid daughter cells
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Leptotene
Chromosomes become visible as long, threadlike structure; pairing of chromosomes; double strand breaks (lepto- "thin like") (1)
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Zygotene
Synapsis of homologous chromosomes begins; synaptonemal complex begins to form (2)
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Pachytene
Complete formation of synaptonemal complex and crossing-over begins (pachy- "thick") (3)
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Diplotene
synaptonemal complex disappears, chiasma still present (diplo- "two") (4)
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Diakinesis
Maximum chromosome contraction
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Mitotic spindle
An assemblage of microtubules and associated proteins that is involved in the movements of chromosomes during mitosis.
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Epigenetics
The study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change
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Incomplete dominance
Intermediate heterozygote phenotype
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Codominance
Heterozygote shows phenotype of both parents
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Complementation
Phenomenon in which two parents that express the same or similar recessive phenotypes produce offspring with a wild-type phenotype.
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Two albino parents have 4 normal offspring. This is an example of:
Complementation
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3 ways dominant mutant alleles can affect phenotypes:
Gain of function, dominant-negative mutation, and haploinsufficiency
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Germline mosaicism
Specialized type of mosaicism where some gametes carry the mutation and rest are normal May produce a disease in the offspring that is not carried by parent's somatic cells AND/OR cause only some offsprings to be affected by autosomal dominant, completely penetrant disease
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One map unit is equivalent to:
1% recombination frequency
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Probability of a double crossover:
the product of the probabilities of the single crossovers (times the total to get expected number)
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Interference
1 - c where c is observed crossovers/expected number
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Dosage compensation
Theory that X chromosome inactivation equalizes gene expression between males and females
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Barr body
A dense body formed from a deactivated X chromosome
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Sex limited
When expression of a gene depends on the sex of the individual.
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Mitochondrial inheritance
Disease occurs in both males and females, inherited through females only
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Homoplasmy vs heteroplasmy
Mitochondria within a cell can all have the same mtDNA (homoplasmy) or 2 or more mitochondrial genomes (heteroplasmy)
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Mutational load
% of mitochondria that are mutant correlates with the degree of biochemical deficiency
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