SQL Keywords
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Last updated 8:27 PM on 2/1/26
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101 Terms
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SELECT
Retrieves rows/columns from one or more tables or queries.
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FROM
Specifies the source table(s) or subquery for a SELECT/DELETE.
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WHERE
Filters rows based on a condition.
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JOIN
Combines rows from two tables based on a related condition.
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INNER
Join type: returns only matching rows between tables.
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LEFT
Join type: returns all left-table rows plus matches from right.
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RIGHT
Join type: returns all right-table rows plus matches from left.
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FULL
Join type: returns all rows from both sides
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CROSS
Join type: Cartesian product of two sets.
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ON
Defines the join condition for JOIN.
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USING
Specifies common join column(s) by name (where supported).
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GROUP
Starts a GROUP BY clause to aggregate rows.
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BY
Used in GROUP BY / ORDER BY to name grouping or sorting columns.
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HAVING
Filters groups after aggregation.
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ORDER
Starts an ORDER BY clause to sort results.
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LIMIT
Restricts the number of rows returned (dialect-specific).
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OFFSET
Skips a number of rows before returning results.
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FETCH
Standard row limiting syntax (e.g.
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FIRST
Used with FETCH/SELECT to specify first rows.
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TOP
Restricts rows returned (SQL Server-style).
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DISTINCT
Removes duplicate rows from a result set.
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ALL
Includes all rows (default) or used in set/quantifier contexts.
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AS
Assigns an alias to a column/table or expression.
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IN
Tests whether a value matches any in a list/subquery.
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BETWEEN
Tests whether a value falls within an inclusive range.
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LIKE
Pattern matching using wildcards (%
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IS
Used for NULL checks and boolean comparisons (e.g.
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NULL
Represents missing/unknown value.
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NOT
Logical negation of a condition.
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AND
Logical conjunction; both conditions must be true.
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OR
Logical disjunction; either condition can be true.
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EXISTS
Tests for existence (in EXISTS subquery or IF EXISTS in DDL).
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ANY
Compares to any value from a subquery/list.
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CASE
Conditional expression for if/then/else logic.
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WHEN
Defines a condition branch inside CASE.
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THEN
Specifies the result for a CASE WHEN branch.
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ELSE
Specifies the default result in CASE.
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END
Terminates CASE or other block constructs.
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WITH
Introduces a common table expression (CTE).
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RECURSIVE
Allows a WITH CTE to reference itself recursively.
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UNION
Combines results of queries
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INTERSECT
Returns rows common to both query results.
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EXCEPT
Returns rows in first query not in second (MINUS in Oracle).
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UNION ALL
Combines results of queries
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INSERT
Adds new rows into a table.
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INTO
Specifies target table for INSERT or output for SELECT INTO.
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VALUES
Provides literal row values for INSERT.
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UPDATE
Modifies existing rows in a table.
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SET
Assigns new values to columns in UPDATE.
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DELETE
Removes rows from a table.
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TRUNCATE
Fast removal of all rows in a table (often non-logged).
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MERGE
Upserts: conditionally INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE based on matches.
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CREATE
Creates a database object (table
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ALTER
Changes the definition of an existing object.
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DROP
Removes a database object.
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TABLE
Refers to a table object; used in DDL.
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VIEW
Virtual table defined by a query.
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INDEX
Data structure to speed up lookups/sorts.
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UNIQUE
Constraint/index attribute enforcing uniqueness.
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PRIMARY
Marks a primary key constraint.
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KEY
Defines key columns (PRIMARY KEY/FOREIGN KEY).
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FOREIGN
Marks a foreign key constraint.
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REFERENCES
Specifies referenced table/columns for a foreign key.
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CONSTRAINT
Names/declares a table constraint.
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CHECK
Constraint enforcing a boolean condition.
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DEFAULT
Provides a default value for a column.
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GRANT
Gives privileges/permissions on objects.
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REVOKE
Removes previously granted privileges.
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ROLE
Defines or refers to a database role.
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SCHEMA
Namespace/container for database objects.
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BEGIN
Starts a transaction or block.
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COMMIT
Persists changes in the current transaction.
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ROLLBACK
Undoes changes in the current transaction.
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SAVEPOINT
Creates a point to roll back to within a transaction.
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TRANSACTION
Refers to transaction control statements.
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EXPLAIN
Shows query plan without running (or with analysis options).
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CAST
Converts a value to a different data type.
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COALESCE
Returns first non-NULL value among arguments.
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NULLIF
Returns NULL if two expressions are equal
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COUNT
Aggregate: counts rows or non-NULL values.
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SUM
Aggregate: sums numeric values.
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AVG
Aggregate: computes average of numeric values.
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MIN
Aggregate: smallest value.
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MAX
Aggregate: largest value.
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OVER
Introduces a window function clause.
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PARTITION
Defines window partitions (OVER (PARTITION BY ...)).
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ROW_NUMBER
Window function: sequential number per partition/order.
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RANK
Window function: rank with gaps on ties.
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DENSE_RANK
Window function: rank without gaps on ties.
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LEAD
Window function: value from following row.
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LAG
Window function: value from previous row.
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ASC
Sort direction: ascending.
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DESC
Sort direction: descending.
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WINDOW
Defines a named window specification for window functions (where supported).
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ROWS
Window frame unit specifying physical rows (e.g.
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RANGE
Window frame unit specifying a value range (e.g.
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CURRENT
Used in window frames (e.g.
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ROW
Refers to a single row (e.g.
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PRECEDING
Window frame boundary before the current row.
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FOLLOWING
Window frame boundary after the current row.
Note 
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