Philosophy Terminology

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60 Terms

1

argument

a set of premises (propositions) used to support another premise (conclusion)

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2

proposition

a statement capable of a truth value

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3

premise

a proposition used to ground and justify a conclusion

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4

conclusion

a judgement based on the information obtained

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5

standard form

conclusion separate from premise with an inference line

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6

deductive argument

an argument where if the premises are true then the conclusion must be true

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7

inductive argument

an argument where if the premises are true, then the conclusion is probably true

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8

fallacy

an error in reasoning

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9

validity

a deductive argument where conclusion's truth guaranteed by the truth of the premise

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10

sound

the argument is valid and the premises are true

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11

strength

the extent at which the premises and conclusions are to be accepted

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12

conditional

form of a deductive argument "if A, then B"

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13

antedecent

does the guaranteeing (deductive)

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14

consequent

thing being guaranteed (deductive)

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15

necessary

condition that must be present for a certain result to occur

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16

sufficent

a statement where the truth is enough to guarantee the truth of another given statement

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17

reasoning

attempt to justify conclusion

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18

justification (good reasoning)

the attempt to support reasoning to a conclusion by providing reason for it

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19

inference

the move from premise to conclusion

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20

inference indication

explicit signal to audience that there is a moving from premise to conclusion

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21

Generalization

A conclusion drawn from specific information that is used to make a broad statement about a topic or person

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22

counter argument

an argument or set of reasons put forward to oppose an idea or theory developed in another argument.

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23

persuasion (bad reasoning)

reason to change belief on something

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24

deductive inference indicators

Therefore, so, thus, etc.

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25

inductive inference indicators

should, probably, etc.

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26

reasoning indicators

because, since, as, for, etc.

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27

evaluation

evaluate the validity of a premise to draw a conclusion

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28

standard form

a numbered breakdown of parts of an argument

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29

Denying the Antecedent Fallacy

The fallacy in deductive reasoning and logic

LOOKING FOR THE WORD "NOT"

If P then Q Not P Therefore, not Q

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30

Affirming the Consequent Fallacy

fallacy in deductive reasoning and logic

If P then Q Q Therefore P

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31

Modus Ponens structure

If P then Q P Therefore Q

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32

modus tollen structure

If P then Q Not Q Therefore not P

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33

Modus Ponens translation

the way of affirming

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34

Modus Tollens translation

the way of denying

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35

chain argument

Three conditional statements that link together If A, then B If B, then C Therefore, if A, then C

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36

Hypothetical Syllogism

arguments with one hypothetical conditional premise

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37

categorical syllogism

A syllogism in which the premises and conclusion describe the relationship between two categories by using statements that begin with all, no, or some.

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38

Argument by Elimination

a deductive argument that rules out different possibilities until only one remains

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39

Analogies

a comparison between two objects, or systems of objects, that highlights respects in which they are thought to be similar

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40

Generalization

A conclusion drawn from specific information that is used to make a broad statement about a topic or person

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41

formal fallacies

fallacies that can be deducted by examining the form of an argument (deductive arguments only)

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42

informal fallacies

fallacies deducted by examining the content of the argument

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43

bandwagon fallacy

reasoning that suggests that because everyone else believes something or is doing something, then it must be valid or correct

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44

Appeal to Nature Fallacy

Making the argument that because something is 'natural' it is therefore valid, justified, inevitable, good, or ideal.

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45

ad hominem

In an argument, this is an attack on the person rather than on the opponent's ideas. It comes from the Latin meaning "against the man."

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46

Tu Quo Que (Two Wrongs Don't Make a Right)

This justifies an unethical action by claiming that another person did something equally wrong.

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47

post hoc ergo propter hoc

improperly assuming that a sequence in time implies a cause and effect: after this, therefore this

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48

Appeal to Wrong Authority Fallacy

When a person appeals to the opinion of some respected, well-known or influential person/group to support their position they are said to be appealing to authority.

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49

slippery slope fallacy

a logical fallacy that assumes once an action begins it will lead, undeterred, to an eventual and inevitable conclusion

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50

faulty analogy fallacy

a fallacy that occurs when an analogy compares two things that are not comparable

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51

Appeal to Emotion Fallacy

manipulating an emotional response in place of a valid or compelling argument

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52

Gambler's Fallacy

the belief that the odds of a chance event increase if the event hasn't occurred recently

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53

fallacy of composition

the incorrect belief that what is true for the individual, or part, must necessarily be true for the group, or the whole

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54

Fallacy of Division

Assuming that what is true of the whole is true for the parts.

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55

begging the question Fallacy

Often called circular reasoning, __ occurs when the believability of the evidence depends on the believability of the claim.

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56

false dilemma/dichotemy fallacy

argument in which a speaker reduces available choices to only two even though other alternatives exist; also called the either-or fallacy

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57

Hasty Generalization

A fallacy in which a faulty conclusion is reached because of inadequate evidence.

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58

Strawman Fallacy

A fallacy that occurs when the actual argument appears to be refuted, but in reality a related point is addressed.

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59

red herring fallacy

when a speaker introduces an irrelevant issue or piece of evidence to divert attention from the subject of the speech

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60

cogent argument

an argument that makes sense logically

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