English III Final Review

First Semester

Ethos

A rhetorical technique that appeals to an audience’s ethics by establishing credibility

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Example: A doctor telling you they are qualified to deliver an opinion on treatment that is good for you.

Pathos

A rhetorical technique that appeals to an audience by evoking certain emotions to make them feel the way the author wants them to feel.

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Example: A teenager convincing his parents to buy him a new car by saying that if they cared about his safety, they would buy it.

Logos

A rhetorical technique that appeals to an audience by using data like statistics or common sense to prove a point

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Example: A chart being shown by a presenter of a statistic.

Loaded Language

Words charged with an underlying meaning or implication.

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Example: “How dare you!” - Greta Thunberg

Elevated Language

Formal words or phrases used to sound “intelligent”

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Example: “My pleasure!”

Parallelism

The repetition of words, phrases, or sentences, and even ideas 

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Example: “Easy come, easy go!”

Repetition

The repeating of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses

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Example: “Be bold. Be brief. Be gone.”

Tone

An author’s attitude towards his or her audience 

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Shown through the author’s use of DIDLS (Diction, Imagery, Details, Language, Syntax)

Diction

The choice and use of words or phrases in speech or writing

Metaphor

A figure of speech that describes an object or action in a way that is not literally true, but helps explain an idea or make a comparison.

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Example: Her eyes were diamonds.

Allusion

A reference to a person, place, or event, within a literary work. 

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Example: When Mary Shelley mentions other texts, like “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner,” in *Frankenstein*.

Simile

A figure of speech involving the comparison of one thing with another thing of a different kind using like or as to make a description more vivid

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Example: She was walking as slow as a sloth.

Conflict

A literary device characterized by a struggle between two opposing forces

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Example: Man vs. Man, Man vs. Nature, Man vs. Self, etc

Foil Character

A secondary character whose situation often parallels that of a main character

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Example: Victor Frankenstein and the creature, the creature being the foil character

Symbolism

A literary device that uses symbols to represent something beyond the simple meaning

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Example: Doves symbolizing peace

Epiphany

A sudden realization or moment of clarity that changes a character’s perception or world view

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Example: On his death bead, Victor Frankenstein has an epiphany, realizing that knowledge is not worth sacrificing everything for.

First Person Point of View

Narrator is a character in the story, referred to as “I”

Third Person Limited Point of View

The narrator reveals the thoughts of only one character, referring to that character as “he” or “she.”

Third Person Omniscient Point of View

Narrator knows all about the story’s events and reveals the thoughts of all characters

Imagery

Usually, these words or phrases are used to create a picture in the reader’s mind through the use of language.

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Appeals to our five senses (touch, taste, sight, sound, smell).

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It creates the setting, establishes mood, or describes characters.

Direct Characterization

The author directly shares the character’s traits to the audience

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Example: A character’s physical traits like blue eyes being shared

Indirect Characterization

Definition: The author provides clues about a character based on what a character says and does. 

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This is shown through STEAL (Speech, Thoughts, Effects on Others, Actions, Looks)

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Example: A character’s response to a specific situation

Personification

A figure of speech in which an idea or thing is given human attributes and/or feelings as if it were human

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Example: “The sun was smiling down at me this morning”.

Alliteration

The occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words. 

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Example: “__**Every**__ breath you take, and __**every**__ move you make, __**every**__ bond you break, __**every**__ step you take, I’ll be watching you.”