Semantics W9. Lecture 5

Some views on modality

Bybee (1985): defines modality in broad terms.

According to him, modality is what the speaker is ______ with the whole _______.

Ex: This room is untidy.

Palmer (1986): Modality is the _____ information associated with the speaker's a_____ or ______ about what is said. Modality concerns the _____ _____ of the proposition. E.g:

Your house is beautiful.

I wish my house were beautiful.

It's necessary that you be on time.

doing, proposition, semantic, attitude, opinion, factual status

Some views on modality

Jasper (1924) distinguishes between mood and modality. According to him, modality is some sort of a semantic issue as it reflects the speaker's a______ or k_____ about the _____ _____ of a proposition, but mood is a grammatical in that this knowledge or attitude is expressed ________, i.e. by the opposite forms of words in English.

E.g:

- John goes to school 5 days/ week. (_______ mood)

- If I speak English well, I'd apply for the job. (______ mood)

- Go to school! (_____ mood)

attitude, knowledge, factual status, morphologically, indicative, subjunctive, imperative

indicative mood: ___________

thức trần thuật

subjunctive mood

thức giả định

Some views on modality

- In English, the in____ mood expresses ______ modality because they are concerned with the _____ _____ of the content of the proposition. The im_____, on the other hand, denotes _______ modality as it deals with o_______, i.e. someone has to do something. E.g:

Ex: I have to clean my foom.

Tidy up your room.

indicative, epistemic, factual status, imperative, deontic, obligation

epistemic: thuộc về ____ _____ (đúng/ sai) "tao E là đúng, t E là sai"

deontic: thuộc về ____ ____ (có phải làm không? có nên làm không? có được làm không? de = do)

tri thức, bổn phận

Some views on modality.

S_____ mood can express both _______ modality and ______ modality.

E.g:

- If I were you, I would not marry her.

- If I had been there, I would have helped her.

- It's vital that everyone be on time.

- I suggest that you see your doctor right away.

subjunctive, epistemic, deontic

Some views on modality

- Jespersen (1940) distinguishes two kinds of modality, the first of which contains an element of ______, and the second contains no element of _____. This distinction now corresponds to what we call ______ and ______ modality.

E.g: You must finish your homework before going to bed (______)

She has finished her homework. (_______)

will, will, deontic, epistemic, deontic, epistemic

Searl's (1969) speech act theory provides a useful framework for the discussion of modality. ________, _________ and E______ are connected to epistemic modality, while D______ and _______ are connected to deontic modality.

E.g: John god married last week. (R________)

I'll give you a hand with this bag (_________)

Would you mind opening the door? (________)

Representatives, Declaratives, Expressives, Directives, Commissive, Representative, Commissive, Directive

Representatives: mang tính _____ ______

trình bày

Declaratives: mang tính _____ _____

tuyên bố

Expressives: mang tính _____ _____

biểu cảm

Directives: mang tính ____ _____, _____ _____

yêu cầu, chỉ dẫn

Commissives: mang tính ______ ______

cam kết

The meaning of a sentence consists of two parts: the _______ content and the ____-_______ content which expresses the speaker's _____ and ______ toward the content of the proposition. This basically is the ______ between ______ and ________.

propositional, non-propositional, attitude, opinion, distinction, proposition, modality

*Palmer (1986) observes that this distinction between proposition and modality is close to that of the ______ and ________ acts as proposed by Austin (1962).

Proposition is what we ____ _____ ______, and modality is then about what we ____ ____ ____ with what we say: thanking, promising, complaining, apologising, ...

locutionary, illocutionary, want to say, want to do

locutionary: hành động _____ _____

tạo lời

illocutionary: hành động ____ ____ (_____ _____: yêu cầu, cảnh cáo, hứa hẹn, ...)

ở lời, mục đích

Xác định Types of modality:

- You 'must' were a seatbelt.

Deontic

Xác định Types of modality:

You 'should' submit the report by Friday.

Deontic

Xác định Types of modality:

You 'may' leave early today.

Deontic

Xác định Types of modality:

You 'can' park here.

Deontic

Xác định Types of modality:

You 'need to' complete this before leaving.

Deontic

Xác định Types of modality:

We 'have to' follow the rules.

Deontic

Xác định Types of modality:

The school 'requires' students to wear uniforms.

Deontic

Xác định Types of modality:

The rules 'forbit' using phones during exams.

Deontic

Xác định Types of modality:

- She 'must' be at home; the lights are on.

Epistemic

Xác định Types of modality:

They 'might' be running late.

Epistemic

Xác định Types of modality:

It 'may' rain tomorrow.

Epistemic

Xác định Types of modality:

Fires 'can' start easily in dry weather.

Epistemic

Xác định Types of modality:

She 'could' be the winner.

Epistemic

Xác định Types of modality:

He 'will' be back soon.

Epistemic

Xác định Types of modality:

I 'believe' she is telling the truth.

Epistemic

Xác định Types of modality:

We 'assume' he missed the train.

Epistemic

Xác định Types of modality:

I 'guess' he forgot about the meeting.

Epistemic

Epistemic Modality

Epistemic modality is the type that indicates the degree of ______ by the speaker to what he ______ - the extent to which the _____ of a proposition is possible.

- In other words, epistemic modality can be described as _______ -_____ (xác xuất cao/ thấp/ đúng/ sai)

- Epistemic modality is concerned with the speaker's _______ of the ______ the proposition embedded in the statement. E.g.:

- She MUST be in love with him.

- She MAY be in love with him. -> Mức độ thấp hơn (liên quan đúng/ sai).

commitment, says, truth, possibility-based, judgement, truth

Epistemic Modality:

- Epistemic meaning is a matter of ______ (in_____, de______) such as potentiality, possibility, probability, prediction or certainty.

- Epistemic meanings answer the question "____ ___ ____ ____?",

- Epistemic modality relates to the ________ proposition.

E.g.:

It may rain = It's possible that it will rain.

She must me very intelligent = It's highly/ likely that she's very intelligent.

belief, inference, deduction, How do you know, entire

Types of Epistemic Commitment

1. ________ (phán đoán)

2. ________

a) _______ ______

b) _______ ________

Judgements, Evidentials, Direct evidentials, indirect evidentials

Types of Epistemic Commitment

1. Judgements

- Judgements are more _______ than Evidentials as commitment comes from the speaker's k______ or b_______.

E.g.: She's LIKELY to be here.

She MAY be working on the report now.

They MUST have done the work by now.

She's probably the best student in my class.

It MUST be raining outside.

subjunctive, knowledge, beliefs

Types of Epistemic Commitment

2. Evidentials: encodes the _______ (mã hóa cơ sở) on which a speaker makes an o____ q______ a________ (khẳng định được đánh dấu rõ ràng). Evidentials fall into two categories:

a) Direct evidentials: show the speaker's _____ _____ ______ with _____ evidence carrying the m____ w_____.

E.g.: seen, heard, experienced

I HEARD you're not coming.

I SAW her leave the office, so she must be gone now.

He's DEFINITELY here, I heard his voice.

grounds, overtly qualified assertion, first hand experience, sensory, main weight

Types of Epistemic Commitment:

b) Indirect evidentials: are about ______-_____ _______.

E.g.: I WAS INFORMED that she had resigned.

- THEY SAY that the match has been called off.

- I WAS TOLD that she was sick.

- APPARENTLY, they canceled the meeting.

- The use of evidentials makes it possible for the speaker to represent the proposition more "_________" without committing himself to an ______ r________

second-hand facts, objectively, unwise representation

Deontic Modality - liên quan đến ____ _____

- Deontic modality is modality that connotes (the hien) the speaker's degree of _____ of, ____ for, or c______ to the ______ (su thuc hien) of the proposition expressed by the _______. E.g.:

E.g.: You MUST do it now.

I HAVE TO work harder on Maths.

I'LL HELP you with your homework.

- Deontic modality contains an element of _____ as such it is concerned with a______ rather than with b_____, k____ or t______.

- Deontic modality can be characterized as _______-_____.

ý chí, requirement, desire, commitment, realization, utterance, will, actions, beliefs, knowledge, truth, necessity-based

Deontic Modality

- Deontic Modality is a matter of ______, such as permission, d____, r______, o______ (weak or strong), or c_______.

- Deontic modality is _____-______ (liên quan đến chủ ngữ)

E.g.: You may leave the table = You are permitted to leave the table.

You mustn't smoke here = You are not allowed to smoke here.

He should work harder. = He'd better work harder.

action, duty, responsibility, obligation, command, subject-oriented

Deontic Modality

- Deontic modality can be expressed by means of _____ or ______. E.g.:

- There's a requirement to wear uniforms.

- You NEED to leave now.

- You OUGHT TO help him.

- It's VITAL that everyone know the news.

- In terms of ______ types, deontic modality can be either _______ (or d_______) or d______ (c________). E.g.:

- GET OUT of here. (_________)

- I'll GIVE YOU A HAND. (_______)

verbs, adjectives, grammatical, imperatives, directives, declaratives, commissive, directives, declaratives

Personal modality

Personal modality is considered the ______ of the _____ meaning. It is related to those features involving the speaker's own ______ to the r_____ meaning of the sentence. There are two types:

- _____ modality

- ______ modality

subcomponent, interpersonal, contribution, representational, form, content

1. Form modality

- The speaker can participate by offering his comment on the ____ of what he is saying, defining ____ ____ _____ he is speaking. This can be achieved by the use of m_____ a______:

- SERIOUSLY, do you love her?

- FRANKLY (SPEAKING), it is an unwise move.

-> Đang đưa ra cách nói

(C______, g______, h_____, c_____ = honestly)

form, under what condition, modal adverbs, confidentially, generally, honestly, candidly

2. Content modality

- The speaker can get involved by offering a ______ on the ____ of what he is saying.

- OBVIOUSLY, nobody expected it to happen.

= It's obvious that nobody expected it to happen.

- TO OUR SUPRISE, they arrived home early.

= That they arrived early surprised us.

- This type of modality markers fall into ___ subgroups.

comment, content, two

2. Content modality

a. Those that express _____ on the extent to which the speaker believes that what he is saying is _______.

- Those that express primarily a _____ view on the truth of what is said: c_____, a______, s______, u_____, u______, unqu_______.

E.g.:

- Certainly, they can do it if they like.

- Admittedly, it is rather expensive.

- Certainly, she has the ability to succeed in this role.

comment, true, subjunctive, certainly, admittedly, surely, undeniably, undoubtedly, unquestionably

2. Content modality

-> Markers of degrees of ______ (chac chan) as open to o_______ e_______: clearly, evidently, obviously, plainly.

E.g.: OBVIOUSLY, they can do it if they like.

CLEARLY, she didn't understand the lecture.

-> Markers of ______ or lack of ______ in what is said: actually, officially, technically, theoretically.

E.g.: ACTUALLY, they can do it if they like.

- TECHNICALLY (SPEAKING), the rule applies to everyone, but there're some exceptions.

convictions, objective evidence, reality, reality

2. Content modality

b) Those that express comments on the ______ of the speaker rather than on the ____-____ of what is said. They can convey the attitude of the speaker with or without the implication that the judgment applies to the subject of the sentence, or indeed to the _____.

- Fortunately, Mary called the police. (may cho chinh nguoi noi cai nay)

- WISELY, Mary called the police. (Mary may)

(curiously, happily, hopefully, naturally, luckily, rightly)

attitude, truth-value, speaker

*Modality manifestation (sự hiện thực hóa modality)

- Grammaticalization: in the form of ________ (_____ mood, ______ mood, _____ mood).

- Lexicalization: by means of lexical items: ____ v_____, n_____, a_____, p_____ phrases.

- E.g.:

She should work harder: ______ - _____ - _____ ______ _____: ________

There's a possibility that she'll come back: ________ - ______ - ______: _______

It's likely that he'll get this job: _______ - _____ - ______: ______

In all likelihood, ....: _______ - ______ - ______; _______

mood, indicative, imperative, subjunctive, modal verbs, nouns, adjectives, prepositional, deontic, lexicalization, modal auxiliary verb, should, epistemic, lexicalization, noun, possibility, epistemic, lexicalization, adjective, likely, epistemic, lexicalization, noun, likelihood

Grammaticalization:

Mood - Examples - Speaker's attitude/ functions

_______ - It rained very hard last night. - Proposition as a _____

_______ - Come on in. - Proposition as _______

_______ - If I were you, ... - Proposition as ____-_____

Subjunctive co 2 loai:

- Past: If I were here, ...

- ______: I suggest that....

Indicative, fact, imperative, command, subjunctive, non-fact, present

Lexicalization: Lexical items

- _____

+ _____ (can, could, may, ...)

+ _____ (guess, think, ...)

- A______

- A______

- N______

Verbs, modal auxiliary verbs, modal lexical verbs, adverbs, adjectives, nouns

*Modal auxiliary verbs:

- They include: can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, ____, o____ t__, m___, n______

- Each may have different meaning (D/E đều được):

You must like fish: ______ - ______ - ____ ____ ____: _____

You must do the exercise now. ___

She MAY come later. ___

We CAN do it now. ___

He NEEDS to see his doctor. ___

They MIGHT be late. ___

You SHOULD work harder. ___

would, ought to, must, need, Deontic, lexicalization, modal auxiliary verb, must, D, E/D, D, D, E, D

Lexicalization: Adverbs, Adjectives, and Nouns

- Adverbs: m______, p______, p_______, p______, c______, o_______, etc.

E.g.: He'll PROBABLY win the race. -> _____

- Adjectives: n______, i_______, s_____, c_____, p_____, p_____, l_____

E.g.: You're LIKELY to win.

- Nouns: p_______, l______, c_____, p______.

E.g.: There's a likelihood that he'll win. -> ____

maybe, possibly, perhaps, probably, certainly, obviously, E, necessary, imperative, sure, certain, probable, possible, likely, possibility, likelihood, chance, probability, E

Modal lexical verbs

- In English, there exist some "_____ ____ ____" which require a _______ clause functioning as _______.

These verbs are mostly used p______ with a f_____ p_____ s_____ (where the speaker and the subject of the sentence are _______) to indicate the a______ or o_____ of the speakers.

- I THINK she's the most beautiful girl in our class.

- I ASK you to get it done as soon as possible.

modal lexical verbs, subordinate, object, performatively, first person subject, identical, attitudes, opinions

Modality in subordinate clauses

1. _____ clause

- I hope THAT IT WIL GET MARRIED TO A RICH MAN IN THE FUTURE.

- It's strange THAT SHE SHOULD HAVE TAKEN THE BOOK AWAY.

2. ________ clause

- He wore a false beard SO THAT NOBODY COULD RECOGNISE HIM.

-> ______ mood.

3. ________ clause.

- He came back to the park WHERE SHE SAID GOODBYE TO HIM.

-> miêu tả sự thực, fact qua _______ mood.

-> Mệnh đề ________ quyết định

nominal, adverbial, indicative, relative, indicative, chính

Modality in subordinate clauses

- Although together with the main clause, these ______ clauses syntactically form ____ sentences, the meaning may not signal that we have complex ______.

The subordinate clauses simply represent the p______ while the main clause or the main l_____ verb indicates m______.

E.g.: I believe that she did the right thing.

I believe that she should work harder.

- In other words, as Palmer remarks, modality in these subordinate clauses do _____ indicate the a_____ and o_____ of the actual speakers.

subordinate, complex, meaning, proposition, lexical, modality, not, attitudes, opinions

Mood as modality

- D______ express epistemic modality whereas _______ and _______ serve as expressions of _______ modality.

- This subcomponent corresponds roughly to what is called "_______ meaning" in Halliday's terms.

E.g.: The sun is shining. -> _____

Close the door please. -> _____

It's urgent that he be informed of the news. -> ______

i suggest that he see his doctor immediately. -> ______

declaratives, imperatives, subjunctives, deontic, interactional, E, D, D, D

Mood as modality

- A part of the modality spectrum is formalized in the grammatical category of mood, which deals only with the s______ structure of the sentence and not necessarily with what the speaker is d_______.

- In English, a process may be represented by the speaker as a f_____ (expressed by the _____ mood), a r____ or command (expressed by the ______ mood), or a ____-____ or improbability (indicated by the _____ mood).

- E.g.:

- The dog is chasing the cat. (_______ mood): _____ - _____ - ___ ____

- Do it now (______ mood) _____ - _____ - ____ ____

- I wish she were here now. (______mood): ___ - _____ - ___ _____

syntactic, doing, fact, indicative, request, imperative, non-fact, subjunctive, indicative, E, grammaticalization, indicative mood, imperative, D, grammaticalization, imperative, E, grammaticalization, subjunctive mood