kin2501 final exam

progressive reformers

wanted change to improve the lives of the growing urban population - often immigrant newcomers to America.

progressive reformers change

affected sports and they took sports as a resource and a tool

Progressives consisted of

WASP's who led the way as social reformers

WASP's

-White Anglo Saxons Protestants
-campaigned against the manufacture and consumption of alcohol (prohibition)
-Organized workers into a labor union
Often employed sport in a variety of programs to educate and assimilate immigrants and address the perceived social ills

Progressive reformers 3-tier procedure

to assimilate the working class
- sports factored into this process

Step 1:

Humanitarian concerns- child labor laws
- met with resistance from parents

Step 2:

Passes mandatory education laws
- unemployed children roamed the streets began participating in crime

Step 3:

PE in schools; supervised games and sport taught deference to authority

Golden Age of Sport

- sports become an everyday part of American culture
- sports media fan
- automobile, radio, TV bring sport to America
- increased sports participation (youth, interscholastic, college, adult rec)
- Athletes become American icons

Icon

an image, representation, or symbol; a representation or picture of something sacred or held in high regard

Baseball and who was the first to be idolized

first sport where everyone had somebody to idolize; this person was Babe Ruth

Baseball=

National pastime (at the time)

Babe Ruth- among the 3 most important athletes in US history

"invented" the homerun
-considered greatest baseball player
-Live ball era

Baseball= national past time (at the time)

Babe Ruth elevated as the representative of the national pastime
The radio podcast of the baseball game- allowed people to listen to the game.
Baseball began keeping statistics and people reported on this

Timing: Black Sox Scandal

1919 World series- eight members of the Chicago White Sox had been bribed to lose and tarnishes baseball's image
- Solution was commissioner Kennesaw mountain Landis in 1920

Ruth changes the game strategy-

instead of swinging down at the ball, hit it as far as he could

Ruth changes the game excitement-

wanted to see Babe Ruth and see people hit the ball as far as possible

Ruth changes the game

fan base

"the curse of the bambino"

after selling Ruth, Red Sox did not win a world series for a while

America's first and largest "media darling"

Babe Ruth, plays for one of the most significant sport dynasties

1919 World Series

included the "Black Sox" scandal and almost violated the integrity of baseball and its players
- tension in locker room

1919 White sox owner

Charles Comiskey
- both groups in the team hated him

Game 1 and the signal-

white sox pitcher would throw a strike on the first pitch and on the second pitch would hit the batter (this was the sign that the fix was on)

trial

Documents and key evidence go missing
- players found not guilty even though they admitted it because there was no evidence to support it

Kennesaw Mountain Landis

- federal judge
-1st commissioner
- racist
- banned the 8 players in baseball even though they were not guilty in the court of law

Two iconic Yankees

Lou Gehrig and Joe DiMaggio

Joe DiMaggio (1936-1951)

- changed day games to night so workers could listen to the games
- set the record for the most hits in a single season
(56 consecutive games he had a hit)

Lou Gehrig (1923-1939)

-had ALS
- played in 2,130 consecutive games
- played at the same time as Babe Ruth

known as the Yankee clipper

Joe DiMaggio

known as the iron man of baseball

Lou Gehrig

Negro Baseball League

separate league spawns the best known black athletes of the time

Andrew "Rube" Foster

black baseball's founding father

1920- Andrew "Rube" Foster helps organize National Association of colored

all-star game becomes a main attraction
- negro "all-star" teams play exhibitions against MLB

Negro League Baseball teams

-Pittsburgh crawfords
-Homestead grays
-Birmingham barons
-Indianapolis clowns

Negro League Baseball notable players

Josh Gibson- catcher
Cool papa bell- base stealer
Satchel Paige- pitcher

Satchel Paige (1920-1960)

-learned to pitch by throwing rocks at birds and hitting them
-1948 with Cleveland Indians (now the guardians)
- satchel came from him carrying men's satchels into town from the train station

Took over Ruth's spot

Satchel Paige, media loved him

April 15, 1947
Every team wears 42 on this day

Jackie Robinson played with the Brooklyn Dodgers, 42, was the first black player to integrate

SPORTS FOR WOMEN IN THE EARLY 1900s

small gains and a "true original"

Characteristics of female sports in the early 1900s

Had few opportunities
- basketball, softball, tennis, dance
- beliefs about "negative health implications" of vigorous physical activity for women

Female PE leaders discouraged

interscholastic and competitive sports for girls

Female PE teachers emphasized

the training of a few at the expense of many
- it was unsocial; results were undesirable ;it was expensive; led to "nerve fatigue"

"Baby steps" in the growth of female sports

-Intramural and minimal intercollegiate competition at all-girl colleges
-Women swim in Olympics (1912)
-1920s growth in amateur sports results in increased programs for girls and women (non-scholastic)
-Girls' high school basketball grows significantly (post-season tournaments)

Babe Didrikson

The most significant female athlete of the first half of the 20th century
-secretary at the "Employers' Casualty Company," leads their teams to several championships
-Enters 1932 AAU Track & Field Championships as only member of the Employers' Casualty Company team. Breaks 4 world records and wins team championship.
-Wins 2 gold and 1 silver medal at 1932 Olympics.
-Makes decision to be a professional athlete.

Babe Didrikson (1932-1934)

- travels promoting herself
-pitches against MLB teams at spring training
-plays for co-ed basketball team
- plays in exhibitions with men's baseball team

Babe Didrikson (1933)

Takes golf lessons
-wins amateur golf tournaments; banned from playing because she is a professional
-qualifies for men's PGA event
-amateur status restored; wins 17 consecutive women's golf tournament

Babe Didrikson 1947

Helps found the LPGA; leading money winner and crowd draw

Pro Basketball Emerges 1920s

barnstorming teams of skilled men formed in cities (along ethnic lines)
-NY Celtics
-NY renaissance
-Savoy big 5 (Chicago) become the Harlem globetrotters

Basketball in the 1900's- gaining acceptance

spread by the YMCA
- becomes associated with scholastic sport

Basketball 1905

80 colleges had field teams

basketball 1904

demonstration sport in Olympics

By WW1

-basketball is most popular high school sport and second to football at the college level
- AAUs start playing basketball, recognized by the NCAA as a sport

1937 (Mikan Era)

National Basketball league forms (all white)

1930-adolph Rupp coaches first game at UK

-his teams wow crowds with up-temp, Fastbreak style
-coaches UK for 44 years, winning 874 games and 4 national titles

Adolph Rupp

changed the tempo of the game
- basketball was originally very slow paced (didn't have a shot clock)

late 1930s

NIT and NCAA postseason tournaments

Mikan Era (Georg Mikan)

6'10 basketball player
-impossible to defend, used the hook shot

The savoy big 5 (1928)

-Black Chicago-based team formed by
-Best of the black barnstorming teams
Begin to be "funny" to let players rest and appeal to crowds (Reese "Goose" Tatum)
- Play two exhibition games against George Mikan's Minneapolis Lakers (NBA Champs)

Abe Saperstein

Renames team "New York" to get games
-Later renames team "Harlem Globetrotters" to let people know they are a black team (to draw a crowd)

Jesse Owens

- ties world record as high school senior Ohio State
- 1936 Olympics
100,200,long jump,4x100 relay

Joe Louis (Brown Bomber)

-Heavyweight Champ
-Hero to black youth
-Quiet, polite, humble
-surname was "barrow"
-1936 & 1938: Fights German Max Schmelling

Jack Johnson and Muhammed Ali

"guided" by Joe Louis

Jack Johnson

-Many detractors
-Born in Alabama
-Had to chase his fights all over the world
-Took a not-so-secret delight in piquing white America with his white wives

Ohio State in fall 1933

on-campus housing was barred for blacks
-only one movie theatre was accessible (upstairs)
- no uni restaurants would serve them

1940+1944

games were cancelled due to WW2

Where and when did the flame burn

Los Angeles (site of the 1932 Olympic games) during the time when the 1940 Olympiad was to have taken place.

1948 London

-German and Japanese athletes were excluded from the games due to WW2
-citizens did not embrace the games being held in London.
-austerity measures were enacted by gov. to cope with shortages.

austerity measure

government policies meant to save money

Bob Mathias

competed and won Decathlon in 1940and 1952
- multisport athlete, youngest to win decathlon
- became office in marines, did some acting, and got elected to congress after his Olympic wins

Alice Coachman

- first African American women to capture Olympic gold medal in 1948 in London
-created her own training routine in dirt
- 1996 in Atlanta she was honored as one of the 100 greatest athletes in history

Avery Brundage (1952-1972)

-strongly believed in the maintenance of strict amateur rules
-held idealistic view about separation of sports and politics
-president off the IOC

Arab terrorists killed Israeli athletes

1968 Olympics(Mexico City)
1972 Olympics (Munich)

Wilma Rudolph

first African American woman to win three Olympic gold medals in track and field in 1960

1960 Olympic Games

-Black women made greater strides than any other group during the four years between Olympiads
-interracial contradictions
-Muhammed Ali won gold in heavyweight champion division

Rafer Johnson- won silver medal in Decathalon in Melbourne

- had the honor of carrying the American flag during the opening ceremony in Rome
-set a new Olympic record
- awarded with honor of lighting the torch above the coliseum in 1984 Olympics

The Olympic project for human rights

- formed by Sociologist Harry Edwards
- group fully endorsed a boycott of the 1968 Olympics

Ralph Boston

"If we decide on some kind of protest, I'd be less than a man not to participate. I'd be letting myself down , my family, my race,"

Jesse Owens with boycott

"I am not in accord with those who advocate a boycott of the Olympic Games...athletics help youngsters who do not have the money to go to colleges of their choice..."

Smith and Carlos

Awarded the Arthur ashe courage award
-Now have a statue of them at San Jose University

1968 Olympic games highlights

-Mexico City
- Bob Beamon's new record in long jump
- Victory stand demonstration

Victory stand demonstration by

Tommie Smith (raised right) and John Carlos (left) with clothing items that represent black pride, poverty and symbolism to those who had been lynched during national anthem

In 1968

Bob Beamon performed most superlative accomplishments in the history of recorded sports
- broke record by more than 2 feet

1972 Olympic games highlights

- in Munich
- student activism had declined while political terrorism increased
-remembered for the massacre of 11 Israeli Olympians by their their Palestinian kidnappers
- remembered for the 7 gold medals in swimming by Mark Spitz
-Avery Brundage resigned

Fan favorite Russian gymnast (1972)

Olga Korbut

1976 Olympic games (Montreal)

- 50th anniversary of 1936 games in Berlin
- spent over $100 million on security

Stars of 1976 Olympic games

-Edwin Moses (400 Meter hurdles)
-Bruce Jenner won the decathlon
-Nadia Comancia - Romanian gymnast
-Sugar ray Leonard - boxing
Americans returned to dominance in men's basketball (got a bogus lost in Munich)

1980 games (Moscow)

-forced to withdraw from the Moscow Olympics by president jimmy carter due to soviet union's invasion of Afghanistan in 1979
-Athletes were political pawns
-Japan, West Germany and Canada also withdrew as a measure of protest

Nadia Comaneci

-1st gymnast to have a perfect 10
-7 perfect 10's
- youngest all-around Olympic gymnast(14 y/o)
-In 1989, she defected with a group of other Romanians. She was guided out of Romania

Commercialism and the Games

-1984 Los Angeles Games
-1st Corporate Olympiad in history-"Spartan Olympics"
-Very Successful Monetarily (showed profit for 1st time)
-Permanent sponsorships
-Television revenues-$300 million
-Team sponsorship

Highlights of 1984 Olympics

- Los Angeles
- Soviet union and its allies boycotted in retaliation (8 weeks before the games)
-Carl Lewis was unquestionably the star of this Olympiad

Carl Lewis

-Received more pre-Olympic publicity than any other athlete had ever experienced before, and he lived up to expectations
-First Olympic performer since Jesse Owens in 1936, to win four track and field gold medals in one Olympiad

1988 Olympic games highlights

- In Seoul
- Security concerns
North Korea threatend to launch a campaign of terrorism
-Controversy with NBC, South Korean boxer and fans

Ben Johnson

-Jamaican born was disqualified from the gold medal after failing a drug test in 1988 (steroids) and the gold medal went to carl Lewis
-Also admitted to doping the games before
-6 of the 8 of the runners were found to also have been doping
-banned for life

Several stirring performances in Seoul Olympics (1988)

-Women's Flo-Jo and her sister in law Jackie Joyner-Kersee in track
-Greg Louganis - diving
Men's volleyball won gold
-Tennis was back and table tennis introduced
-Amateur was no longer an issue - endorsement money

Decade: 1990s

-This decade witnessed monumental events in the world and the Olympics
-Fall of the Berlin Wall and the soviet union collapse, iron curtain fell
-Politicals declined due to cold war
-Use of drugs by athletes

Highlights from 1992 olympics games

- Barcelona
-Significant geopolitical and many countries came to the games for the first time
-Barcelona olympiad did have a social theme - it was declared "smoke-free"(First time in history of modern olympics)
-games were the most peaceful in recent history and almost completely devoid of politics and volatile social issues
-The USA's dream team was the undisputed superstar of the games

Increased publicity given to female sports

Media images help girls envision possibilities for developing athletic skills that sports are human activities, not male only activities

The dramatic rise in women participation is due in part by the following factors:

-Equal rights legislation
-Global women's rights movement
-Health and fitness movement
-Increased publicity given to female sports

equal rights legislation

title ix of the educational amendment (1972)

Global Women's Rights Movement

- women enhanced as human beings: intellectual and physical abilities