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Question of fact

A question about the truth or falsity of an assertion. Shows the relationship between two factors.

Question of value

A question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action.

Logos

Name used by Aristotle for the logical appeal of a speaker, the two major elements are evidence and reasoning.

Ethos

Name used by Aristotle for what students refer to as credibility.

Pathos

Name used by Aristotle for what students refer to as emotional appeal.

Persuasion

Receptive, neutral, and unreceptive are the three types of audiences for \_________.

Fallacy

An error in reasoning is called a(n) \_______.

Hasty generalization

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Jumping to a general conclusion based on insufficient evidence.

False case

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Assume that because one event follows another, the first event will lead to the second.

Red herring

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Introduces an irrelevant issue to divert from subject.

Ad hominen

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Attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue.

Either/or

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A fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist.

"If you are not with us, you're against us."

Band wagon

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Assumes that because something is popular, that it must be good.

Slippery slope

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Assumes that one step will lead to another.

Invalid Analogy

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Analogy in which the two cases being compared are not alike.

Question of policy

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A question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken.

Persuade an unreceptive audience

1) Being with areas of agreement

2) Establish credibility early

3) Acknowledge opposite views

4) Consider understanding

These are all steps that \____________________

Persuade a neutral audience

1) Capture attention early in speech

2) Refer to beliefs of listeners

3) Be realistic

4) Relate to listeners family/loved ones

These are all steps that \____________________

Imagery

Similes, metaphors, hyperbole, and cliches are all part of \________ language.

Rhythm

Alliteration, antithesis, anaphora, epistrophe, parallelism, personification are all part of \________ language.

Burden of proof

What is...

The obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change from current policy is necessary.

Connotative

The suggesting of additional meanings by a word or expression, apart from its literal meaning.

Denotative

The most specific or direct meaning of a word, in contrast to its figurative or associated meanings

Maslow's needs

Physiological, safety, social, self-esteem, and self actualization are part of \_______ 5 \_______.

Physiological

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Maslow's need that covers basic life needs, such as air, food, shelter.

Safety

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Maslow's need that covers protection, order, law, limits, and stability.

Social

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Maslow's need that covers family, affection, relationships.

Self esteem

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Maslow's need that covers achievement, status, responsibility, and reputation.

Self actualization

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Maslow's need that covers personal growth and fulfillment in life.

Competence

How an audience regards a speaker's intelligence, expertise, and knowledge of the subject.

Character

How an audience regards a speaker's sincerity, trustworthiness, and concern for the well-being of the audience.

Initial credibility

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The credibility of the speaker before she or he starts to speak.

Derived credibility

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The credibility of the speaker produced by everything he or she says and does during the speech.

Terminal credibility

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The credibility of the speaker at the end of the speech.

Credibility

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Audiences perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic.

Ethos

Integrity, competence, dynamism, and goodwill are all parts of \_____.

Integrity

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To be trustworthy, honest, ethical, and dependable.

Competence

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To develop genuine expertise, and to be well-prepared.

Dynamism

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To raise energy in the room whenever you speak, to be well confident and enthusiastic.

Goodwill

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To have the best interests of your audience at heart.

Appeal to tradition

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Fallacy which assumes that something old is automatically better than something new.

Appeal to novelty

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Fallacy which assumes that something new is automatically better than something old.

Increase

Using emotional language, developing vivid examples, and speaking with sincerity and conviction are three ways to \_________ emotional appeal.

Problem solution order

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Method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point deals with existence of problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem.

Problem cause solution order

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Method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point identifies a problem, the second main point analyzes the causes and the third main point presents a solution to the problem.

Comparative advantages order

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Method of organizing persuasive speeches in which each main point explains why a speaker's solution to a problem is preferable to other solutions.

Monroe's motivated sequence

Method of organizing persuasive speeches to get immediate action. There are five steps of the sequence: Attention, Need, Satisfaction, Visualization, and Action.

Attention

The step of the motivated sequence where you try to get the audience to listen is called \_________.

Need

The step of the motivated sequence where you try to get the audience to feel a need or want is called \______.

Satisfaction

The step of the motivated sequence where you tell the audience how to fill a need or want is called \__________.

Visualization

The step of the motivated sequence where you get the audience to see the benefits of the solution is called \______________.

Action

The step of the motivated sequence where you get the audience to take action is called \______.

Neutral

An audience that is open to new ideas and has no strong feelings to your opinions is called a(n) \______ audience.

Receptive

An audience that is interested in what you have to say and may agree with you is called a(n) \_______ audience.

Unreceptive

An audience that already has their own beliefs and ideas to where their position is opposite to your own is called a(n) \________ audience.

Evidence

Statistics, testimonies, and examples are all types of \_________.

Emotional responses

Fear, compassion, pride, and guilt are all different types of \__________ \_________.

Pathos

Uses of language, use of nonverbal behavior, visual images, and appeal to ones needs and values are four ways to establish \______.

Deductive reasoning

Reasoning that moves from general to specific.

(ex. All men are mortal. Aristotle is a man. Therefore, Aristotle is mortal.)

Inductive reasoning

Reasoning that constructs or evaluates general propositions that are derived from specific examples.

(ex. 100% of life forms that we know of depend on liquid water to exist. Therefore, if we discover a new life form it will probably depend on liquid water to exist.)

Causal reasoning

Reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between cause and effect.