AP Euro Units 7-9

WWI-Post-Cold War

Militarism

Industrialism brought stronger militaries and weapons, which led to arms races, intensified the naval race, and led to Germany surpassing Britain in industrial manufacturing

Alliances

Bismarck alliance system had been designed to keep peace in Europe which led to a chain reaction

Kaiser Wilhelm II

• Ruled from (1888-1918)

• Intensified naval competition between Germany and Britain

• Germany demanded Moroccan independence from France

• Daily Telegraph Affair: Germany didn’t care for Britain, France and Russia attempted to incite Germany to intervene in the Second Boer War, Germany naval buildup was targeted against the Japanese not Britain

Balkans “Powder Keg”

Balkans had a long history of nationalist uprisings and ethnic clashes, so they formed new nations after the fall of the Ottomans: Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro, Romania, and Serbia. Serbia was backed by Russia due to a large Slavic population and Austria annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina, which led to tensions between the two nations.

Panslavism

One nation of south slavic people

Franz Ferdinand

• June 28, 1914 — Assassinated while visiting the capital of Bosnia (Sarajevo) by a Serbian teenaged nationalist

• Heir to the throne of Austria

Black Hand

Terrorist organization of nationalist Serbs — assassinated Ferdinand

Ultimatum

Austria-Hungary gave Serbia an ultimatum: in 48 hours they had to stop all anti Austrian-Hungarian activity and let AH run an assassination investigation in Serbia. Serbia agreed to most demands, but not enough.

Triple Alliance/Central Power

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy

Triple Entente/Alliances

Britain, France, Russia, Japan, and later Italy

Schlieffen Plan

military strategy during WW1 that declared if war were to outbreak, Germany would attack France first and then Russia.

Trench Warfare

Battles result in many deaths and very small land gains —> stalemate battlesA,

Gallipoli Campaign

Allies try to defeat the Ottoman empire, but the Allies are defeated. Allies also tried to open a supply line through a region to Russia.

Unrestricted Sub Warfare

Germany uses unrestricted submarine warfare to ship British ships without warning

Total War

Nations devote all resources to WW1: rationing, governments seize the economy, propaganda, women fill mens jobs

Armistice

Germans lay down arms on November 11th, 1918

Self-Determination

Sovereignty and open trade

Treaty of Versailles

1. League of Nations

2. Territorial losses

3. Military restrictions

4. War guilt

Built to punish Germany for their actions — never ratified by the US

Article 231

War Guilt Clause made German solely responsible for starting the war and for its vast destruction of European landscape — provision for heavy reparations to be paid by Germany

League of Nations

Opposed by Americans — Basically pre-NATO NATO

Wilsonian Idealism

Stresses the importance of national self-determination and international cooperation to promote peace and prosperity

V.I. Lenin

• Bolshevik leader

• Felt that the socialist revolution needed centralized leadership

• Gave land to peasants and put workers in control of factories

• Created self-governing republics under one national government

• Russia is renamed the USSR in 1922

• Dies in 1924

Bolshevik Revolution

In November 1917, workers seized control of the government

Civil War breaks out between them and the White Army (conservative/allies)… They win…. This war lasted for three years and killed over 14,000,000 men.

Soviets

Russian commies

Communist Party

Reinvention of the Bolsheviks

Internationalistic, sought a classless society, urban working lower class

Totalitarianism

Government dominates every aspect of life, secret cops, indoctrination/propaganda, persecution, command economy: government makes all economic decisions

Joseph Stalin

Communist Party general secretary who seized power after Lenin’s death and transformed the Soviet Union into a totalitarian state.

5 Year Plans

Stalin’s plan for developing the (command) economy

Collectivization

Government creates collective farms owned by the state — peasants resit this change and 10 million die in this government crackdown

By 1938, 90% of peasants lived on collective farms

Cult of Personality

Pro-Stalin propaganda

Weimar Republic

German democratic government, est. 1919

Government has serious weaknesses, inflation causes crises, U.S. loans helped to revive the German economy with the Dawes Plan

Great Depression

Economic downturn in the US affects the rest of the world — world trade falls sharply

Hyperinflation

Reparations + damages to industry + government mismanagement = hyperinflation

Fascism

Nationalistic (for the good of one country), likes class division, made up of aristocrats, industrialists, war veterans, and lower middle class, loyalty to the state above all else

Benito Mussolini

Promised to rescue Italy’s economy and rebuild its military

Founded the Fascist party in 1919

Hitler

• Mein Kampf (My Struggle) — Memoir

• 1933 - Became chancellor (VP) and called for new elections and expelled communism in Germany

• Emergency acts: abolished civil rights protection after the reichstag (commie) fires

• Enabling acts: Basically enabled him to have full power

• 1934 - Night of the long knives: Assassinates over 100 political opponents

• German president died —> Hitler banned all political parties

• The Gestapo: His secret police

• Privately funded weapon factories in “school buildings”

• 1938: Jewish emigration

• Italy & Japan back up Germany

• Hitler defies the treaty of Versailles

• Hitler and Mussolini ally and form the Berlin axis

Nazi Party

National Socialist German Workers Party — brand of fascism

“Stab-in-the-back” theory

Believed German military was stabbed in the back by Jews, politicians, and commies

Kristallnacht

“Night of broken glass” — Jewish business were ransacked/destroyed — anti-Jew riots

Nuremberg Laws

Laws that restricted Jews’ rights

Lebensraum

“Living space” — Germany needed room to grow it’s master race

Appeasement

Giving in to an aggressor to keep the peace — Britain urged it

Collective Security

Security of one is the concern of all

Munich Conference

September 29th, 1938 — The British prime minister Neville Chamberlain believed that he could preserve peace by giving into Hitler’s demand —> Britain and France agreed that Hitler could take the Sudetenland —> Hitler pledged to respect Czech’s new borders — The Czechs were not invited

Spanish Civil War

General Francisco Franco (anti-fascism) vs. fascists

Neville Chamberlain

British prime minister who gave into some of Hitler’s demands to preserve peace

Winston Churchill

British prime minister — vowed to never surrender

Non-agression pact

Germans and Soviets will not fight each other and made a deal to split poland

Blitzkrieg

Lightning battles

Battle of Stalingrad

Nazis versus Soviets (Aug. 1942 - Feb. 1943). Nazis are defeated + turning point for allies victory. One of the bloodiest battles ever

The Holocaust

Killing jews and polish peo

D-Day Invasion

US troops stormed the beach of Normandy in a surprise attack. Basically set the path to our victory.

United Nations

Soviet and Eastern Euro alliance

NATO

Group formed by the US, Canada, and Western Europe that basically meant if you mess with one of us you mess with us all.

Warsaw Act

Soviet Union‘s response to NATO — Alliance between Poland, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary

Marshall Plan

US program of economic aid designed to promote the recovery of Europe while also limiting Soviet influence — Truman

Containment

US policy designed to keep out communism

Truman Doctrine

1947 — Immediate goal was to block Soviet influence in Greece and Turkey —

Cold War

Decades long conflict between USSR and US

Iron Curtain

Line down Europe between NATO and Warsaw Act

Nikita Khrushchev

Post-Stalin, destalinaztion

De-Stalinization

The process of removing Stalin’s ideals across Eastern Europe

Secret Speech

1956 — Khrushchev denounced Stalin’s reign of terror and repudiated his “cult of personality” — Speech was at the Twentieth Communist Party Congress in Moscow.

Hungarian Revolution

The only violent anti-communist revolution. Resulted in the execution of their leader and and collapse of communism.

Leonid Brezhnev

Made the Soviet military bigger and led during stagnation

Brezhnev Doctrine

Capitalist uprisings —> Soviet invasions

Mikhail Gorbachev

Leader of East Germany

Glasnost

Soviet openess

Perestroika

Reforming the Soviet economic system

The Velvet Revolution

Nonviolent revolution in Czechoslovakia which put an end to commie rule

Berlin Wall

A wall built to divide the free and democratic West Germany from the Soviet-controlled communist East Germany (German Democratic Republic). It was torn down in 1989 and represents the death of the USSR and collapse of communism.

Decolonization

Process of giving rights to colonies

Economic Miracle

Sparked by Marshall Plan aid — Europe entered a rapid economic growth period

French National Front

Movement that formed Vichy France

Margaret Thatcher

First female prime minister in Europe

Bosnian War

Ethno-religious war in the Balkans

European Union

The economic and political grouping of the European states — Churchill wanted to make a United States of Europe