CH -5: Mental and Physical Health

health psychology

the study of how psychology and behavior impacts health and wellness

stress

your body’s response to real or perceived demands in the environment

Tardive dyskinesia

involuntary movements of the face due to use of psychiatric deugs

eustress

a positive form of stress that allows us to perform well and enhances motivation, focus, blood flow

daily hassle

stress that results from the accumulation of daily annoyances and nuances

resistance stage

body tries to return to homeostasis

• might develop temporary symptoms: headache, insomnia

* usually ends at this stage

exhaustion stage

your body mentally and physically shuts down/accepts things

exhaustion stage

GAS stage wheree you’re most likely to develop health problems

alarm, resistance, exhaustion

stages of General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS), which describe the body's response to stress

tend and befriend theory

in times of stress, some people (MOST EXCLUSIVELY WOMEN) are likely to seek support from others and care for others

biological underpinnings

belief that the hormone oxytocin, a stress reducer, but also a hormone that makes people seek out companionship is the reason behind tend and befriend theory

gender differences in stress response

1. high levels of oxytocin in women (makes them seek out help)

2. evolutionary men act on flight or fight

coping

the strategies used to manage, reduce, and tolerate stress

• deal or reduce

problem faced coping

when you directly deal with what’s stressing you, the actiontaken to resolve the issue.

problem faced coping

when you’re stressed about homework, so you go do the homework

emotion faced coping

when you manage the symptoms of the stress, addressing your body response rather than reducing the stressor

emotion faced coping

you’re stressed about homework, so you go on a walk or do breathing exercises to calm down

positiv psychology

focused on trying to better understand what makes life most worth living

subjective well being

the self-evaluation of one's life satisfaction and emotional experiences.

positive subjective experience

refers to the pleasant feelings and emotions that contribute to overall life satisfaction and happiness.

ex. gratitude

gratitude

recognize and appreciating positive aspects of life

positive objective experience

refers to measurable, observable factors that contribute to overall well-being, such as health status, income, or education.

happiness

a state of well-being characterized by emotions ranging from contentment to intense joy.

wisdom

the ability to make sound decisions based on knowledge, experience, and good judgment.

courage

encompasses emotional strengths that empower facing adversity, advocating for belts, and engaging life with enthusiasm and determination

humanity

comprises interpersonal qualities that enhance empathy, nurturing relationships, and showing kindness and generosity towards others

justice

the pursuit of fairness and equality, ensuring that individuals receive their due rights and treatment within society.

temperance

the balance of moderation and self-control, promoting a healthy lifestyle by limiting excess and fostering accountability in behaviors.

transcendence

connects individual sot the broader universe, inspiriting a sense of purpose, appreciation for beauty, and a pursuit of meaning beyond the self

posttraumatic growth

the positive psychological change that occurs as a result of adversity and trauma, leading to greater resilience, personal strength, and improved relationships.

psychological disorder

a category of behavioral or psychological symptoms that impact multiple areas of life, presenting distress or impairment and deviate from cultural norms, not resulting from acceptable social responses to particular events

level of dysfunction

how well or poorly a person can carry out day to day activities and complete their daily responsibilities

perception of distress

subjective experiences of negative emotions, pain, or stress related to an individuals behaviors or mental processes

deviation of social norms

behavior is judged against social and cultural standards, if an individuals mental processes or behaviors significantly deviate from hat is considered normal for society

DSM

develop by the American psychiatric association

DSM

specifically focuses on mental health disorders, provides statistical data for the disorders

• evidence based and standardized

ICD

created by the world health organization

ICD

creates a global standard for classifying all health conditions, including mental and behavior disorders

• broader and more affordable

behavioral

focus on how mental disorders come from maladaptive learned associations between responses and stimuli

maladaptive

referring to behaviors or thought patterns that are counterproductive and inhibit overall functioning.

cognitive

proposes that mental disorders come from maladaptive thought patterns, including distorted beliefs and attitudes

Psychodynamic

highlights how psychological disorders can originate from unconscious conflicts, often that come from a persons childhood experiences

humanistic

how psychological disorders develop due to a person lacking social support, failing to achieve their potential, or having an incongruent self concept

biological

states that psychological disorders are primarily driven by psychological and genetic factors

evolutionary

focuses on ow mental disorders that cause abnormally behaviors and tendencies often originate in a individuals genetics

Sociocultural

mental disorder are influence by social and cultural factors, including group dynamics, cultural norms, and interpersonal relationships

eclectic approach

psychologist approach in which they combine different techniques, theories and ideas from different psychological perspectives

• creates a more personalize treatment plan that targets specific Neds of their client

biopsychosocial model

states that mental health disorders are the result of a complex interplay between biological factors, psychological dynamics, and social/environmental influences, offering a holistic approach to understand and treating mental illness

biological factors

• genetic predispositions

• brain chemistry

• physical health

psychological factors

• thought patterns

• emotional responses

• coping skills

• personality traits

environmental factors

• persons relationships

• cultural norms

• social and economic conditions

• environmental stressors

diathesis stress model

states that psychological disorders arise from the interaction between individuals pre existing vulnerabilities and environmental stressors, emphasizing that both genetic predisposition and life experience contribute to the development of mental illness

diathesis

focuses on how genetic predispositions or underlying biological factors impact an individual

stress

focuses on how an individuals environment can cause significant life challenges

• diathesis stress model

neurodevelopmental disorders

a category of disorders that appear early in development, often before a child enters grade school, and are characterized by developmental deficits that produce impairments of personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning

ADHD

neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity that interfere with functioning or development.

autism

a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by challenges in social interaction, communication, and repetitive behaviors. Symptoms often emerge in early childhood.

Schizophrenic

disorder characterized by issues in one of more of these five areas: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized, thinking or speech, disorganized motor behavior, negative symptoms

acute schizophrenia

intense episodes but spaced out

chronic schizophrenia

subtle episodes but can’t be solved, last a long time

positive symptoms

the presence of psychotic behaviors not seen in healthy individuals

delusions

false beliefs that are strongly held despite contradicting evidence, often seen in schizophrenia.

hallucinations

sensory experiences without an external stimulus, often involving seeing or hearing things that are not present.

disorganized thinking/speech

a symptom of schizophrenia where thoughts are fragmented, leading to incoherent speech and difficulty communicating.

catatonic excitement

a state of extreme agitation or hyperactivity often seen in catatonia, marked by excessive movement and lack of control.

ex. pacing

negative symptoms

the reduction or absence of normal behaviors and functions

flat affect

the reduced emotional expression, including facial expressions, tone of voice, and lack of eye contact, often seen in schizophrenia.

catatonic stupor

a state of unresponsiveness and immobility, where an individual may appear awake but does not exhibit any signs of awareness or interaction with their surroundings.

prenatal virus, dopamine hypothesis

schizophrenia causes

prenatal virus

theorized to cause disruptions in brain development during pregnancy, potentially leading to schizophrenia.

dopamine hypothesis

theory suggesting that an overactivity of dopamine neurotransmission in the brain contributes to the symptoms of schizophrenia.

depressive disorders

characterized by persistent feelings of sadness and loss of interest in activities, significantly impairing daily functioning and overall well being

major depressive disorder

episodic, intense symptoms of depression

• experience physical symptoms such as insomnia, fatigue, under/over eating

persistent depressive disorder

a chronic form of depression where symptoms are less severe but last for an extended period, often impacting daily life and emotional well-being.

• always there

biopolar disorders

category of mood disorders characterized by dramatic shifts in a persons mood, energy, and ability to function, including episodes of mania and depression

bipolar I

intense, server mood swings and mania

• require hospitalization/help

biopolar II

mood swings, but able to deal with it yourselfless severe episodes of depression and hypomania, not requiring hospitalization.

anxiety disorders

a group of mental health conditions marked by excessive fear, anxiety, and related behavioral disturbances that interfere with daily activities and quality of life

anxiety

a normal and often. health emotion characterized by feelings of tension, worried thoughts and physical changes

• when it becomes excessive, it can evolve into a disorder

phobia

an intense/irrational fear of an object or situation

arachnophobia

fear of spiders

acrophobia

fear of heights

agoraphobia

fear of not being to escape places

panic disorder

a mental health condition characterized by recurrent unexpected panic attacks and intense fear of future attacks.

social anxiety

a chronic fear of social situations due to feelings of embarrassment or humiliation.

generalized anxiety

disorder (GAD) characterized by excessive, uncontrollable worry about various aspects of daily life, often accompanied by physical symptoms such as restlessness, fatigue, and difficulty concentrating.

OCD

the presence of persistent, unwanted thought and repetitive behaviors hat the individual feels driven to perform

obsessions

intrusive, repetitive, unwanted thoughts

• OCD

compulsions

the actions you take to try an offset the obsessions

hoarding disorder

a behavioral condition characterized by excessive saving and accumulation of items, resulting in clutter that disrupts living spaces.

dissociative amnesia

a disruption and/or discontinuity in the normal integration of consciousness, memory, identity, emotion, behavior, perception, body representation, motor control and behavior

• often forget personal information after a trauma

with fugue

a subtype of dissociative amnesia where individuals not only forget personal information but also unexpectedly travel away from home and may adopt a new identity.

DID

a condition characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personality states or an experience of possession, often linked to traumatic experiences.

PTSD

a mental health condition triggered by a traumatic event, characterized by flashbacks, nightmares, and severe anxiety.

hyper vigilance

a state of heightened alertness and sensitivity to potential threats, often experienced in PTSD.

severe anxiety

excessive emotional and physical response to perceived danger or threat.

flashbacks

recurrent, intrusive memories of a traumatic event that feel as if they are happening in the present.

insomnia

hard to sleep due to flashbacks

• PTSD

emotional detachment

feeling numb and detached, can’t experience positive things

• PTSD