APES chapter 5

Ecosystem Diversity

Ecosystem Diversity

The varieties in ecosystems

Species Diversity

The variety of species within an ecosystem

Genetic Diversity

The variety of genes within species in an ecosystem

Species Richness

The number of species in a particular area, the biodiversity in an area

Species Evenness

It shows if an ecosystem is dominated by a certain organism or not, if there is an even amount of organisms, there is a high species evenness

Phylogenies

Trees or diagrams that are made to show similarities or how they are related between organisms

Evolution

The changes within the genetic composition of a population as a whole

Microevolution

A smaller category of differences of organisms

Macroevolution

A large category where organisms are organizied and how they change because of genetic changes in species

Genes

They are on chromosomes within each and every cell of an organism and they are also decide the traits of every organism

Genotype

A full set of genes in an organism

Mutation

A mistake or random change in the genetic code, a mutation can go on for generations

Recombination

When chromosomes are duplicated during reproductive cell division and a piece of a chromosome breaks off and joins another chromosome

Phenotype

The set of traits expressed in an individual (anatomy, behavior, and physiology)

Artificial Selection

When humans determine the traits of animals for human use or domensticate (cows or dogs)

Natural Selection

Selection that decides that organisms that are able to adapt to changes in enviornments are more likely to survive and reproduce

Fitness

An organisms ability to survive and reproduce

Adaptations

Traits that are able to improve and change an organism fitness

Genetic Drift

A change in genetic composition due to random mutation of a population

Bottleneck Effect

When a population has a decrease in population and the bottleneck is basically the survivors, and the gentic composition of the survivors will be different than how it was before

Founder Effect

If a couple of organism on a mainland separate and go onto an island, the genotypes of the island will only has a small amount of genotypes of the mainland organism, or not be present at all

Geographic Isolation

When a group of organisms is isolated on an island for example and colonizes with the new habitat and the geographic situation

Reproductive Isolation

When organisms are separated by geographic isolation that if the barrier created was destroyed, then the species on both sides could not breed since they both changed so much to adapt to their own enviornment

Allopatric Speciation

When species are created after geographic isolation because species had to adapt to their new environment

Sympatric Speciation

The evolution of one species into two species because of geographic isolation  (aspolyploidy)

Genetic Engineering

When people in a lab use technology to change DNA makeup of an organism

Genetically Modified Organisms

When an organism has been changed within their genome with high tech engineering, in order to change the traits or characteristic of that organism

Range of Tolerance

The amount of abiotic conditions they can survive in (heat, pH)

Fundamental Niche

The ideal or best case conditions for an organism to live in (survive, grow, reproduce)

Realized Niche

The span of abiotic and biotic factors that organisms live in (some can live in less amounts of one than other)

Species Distribution

Where in the world species live (places, area, environments)

Niche Generalists

Organisms that can live in many different places and eat a lot of different foods

Niche Specialists

Organisms that thrive in the same habitat but have a harder time if their own life sources change

Fossils

Organism skeletons that are preserved in rock or resin

Mass Extinction

When a large amount of organisms become extinct over a short period of time

Sixth Mass Extinction

There used to be 5 mass extinctions, but scientists believe there is now a sixth because there was a large increase in species becoming extinct by 2020 (2 to 25 percent)