Psych Exam - Chp. 7, 10, and 14

Knowing what a dinosaur is because you looked through a book with pictures of dinosaurs and watched the film Jurassic Park is an example of a natural concept that was developed through ________ experience.

indirect

Lauren is gifted in the area of body movement. Her ability to balance and coordinate her body's movement enables her to do well in basketball, baseball, and field hockey. Which area of intelligence does this exemplify?

bodily kinesthetic

In Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences Theory, ________ intelligence and ________ intelligence are often combined into a single type: emotional intelligence.

interpersonal; intrapersonal

Emily is an adult with a 4th-grade skill level in reading, writing, and math. Her doctor suggests there is no reason she can't find a job and live independently. Which subtype of intellectual disability describes Emily?

mild

The analytical intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence is demonstrated by the ability to ________.

analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast

Who developed the triarchic theory of intelligence?

Robert Sternberg

Which concept is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for?

functional fixedness

Which term refers to the vocabulary of a language?

lexicon

A(an) ________ is the best example, or representation, of a concept.

prototype

From a psychological perspective, the term cognition means ________.

thinking

________ and ________ are powerful influences on both our thoughts and behaviors.

emotion; memory

________ encompasses the processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem solving, judgment, language, and memory.

cognition

Which term describes a communication system that uses systematic rules to organize words to transmit information from one individual to another?

language

Which of the following is not one of the four subtypes of intellectual disability?

modest

Which of the following is an example of an abstract, complex concept?

patriotism

What is the Flynn effect?

The observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation.

In psychology, concepts can be divided into two categories: ________ and ________.

natural; artificial

Samara meets a nurse. She immediately assumes he is able to help care for sick people, works long hours, and dispenses advice about illness because her ________ schema suggests that nurses behave this way.

role

________intelligence is marked by inventing or imagining a solution to a problem or situation.

creative

Mikel can look at an engineering plan and quickly build a scale model. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.

spatial

Scientists who study cognition are searching for ways to understand how we ________, organize, and utilize our conscious cognitive experiences without being aware of all of the unconscious work that our brains are doing.

integrate

Mel is an adult who can take care of his basic needs, but he requires oversight while he paints and someone to check on his living conditions daily. Which subtype of intellectual disability describes Mel?

severe

Not all aspects of cognition are ________.

consciously experienced

From ________ months old, children are most capable of using simple sentences such as "I see."

18 to 24

What did the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart suggest about intelligence? The findings from this study ________.

revealed a genetic component to intelligence

________ is wants or needs that direct behavior toward some goal.

motivation

________ motivation is based on internal feelings rather than external rewards.

intrinsic

The facial ________ hypothesis states that facial expressions are capable of influencing our emotions.

feedback

What is a major criticism of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

It is subjective.

Some studies show that ________ motivation may not be entirely vulnerable to the effects of extrinsic reinforcements; in fact, reinforcements such as verbal praise might actually increase ________ motivation.

intrinsic

Which of the following exemplifies intrinsically motivated behavior?

attending a mosque because you believe it is the right thing to do

Which theory asserts that each individual has an ideal body weight that is resistant to change?

set point

Sweating and shivering are responses created due to internal temperature fluctuations, and they are designed to bring the body back into ________.

homeostasis

Which of the following is a way that the James-Lange theory of emotion differs from the Schachter-Singer theory of emotion?

According to the James-Lange theory, emotions arise from physiological arousal; according to the Schachter-Singer theory, emotions include a cognitive factor and a physiological factor.

According to the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory of emotion, emotions consist of two factors: ________.

physiological and cognitive

Drive theory states that deviations from ________ create physiological needs that result in psychological drive states that direct behavior to meet the need.

homeostasis

The hierarchy of needs is the spectrum of needs ranging from basic ________ needs to ________ needs to self-actualization.

biological; social

Research shows that receiving some sort of extrinsic reinforcement for engaging in behaviors that we enjoy leads to those behaviors ________.

no longer providing that same enjoyment

________ motivation arises from external factors or rewards.

extrinsic

Which of the following are examples of the social level in Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

family and friendship

Luis works part-time after school to earn money so he can afford a secondhand motorcycle. Luis is working because of ________ motivation.

extrinsic

If you suggest that smiling can make someone feel happier, then you believe the ________.

facial feedback hypothesis

Which of the following is the best example of a habit?

chewing on your hair to relieve stress

Amir bites his fingernails. This is an example of ________, a pattern of behavior in which we regularly engage.

a habit

Food, shelter, and warmth represent ________ needs in Maslow's hierarchy of needs.

physiological

Self-worth, accomplishment, and confidence represent the ________ level of needs in Maslow's hierarchy of needs.

esteem

Motivation describes the wants or needs that direct behavior toward a goal. What is the motivation in the following sentence? Giorgio works part-time at a diner so he can afford to attend culinary school because he wants to become a chef, even though he is in debt.

wanting to become a chef

In the following sentence, identify the extrinsic motivation. Kit, who lives with her father, maintains a 3.5 grade average in order to keep her phone, visits her mother every weekend because she wants to, and joins the high school basketball team because she enjoys the sport.

maintaining a 3.5 grade average

A(n) ________ is a subjective state of being that we often describe as our feelings. A(n) ________ refers to a prolonged, less intense, affective state that does not occur in response to something we experience.

emotion; mood

Which of the following exemplifies extrinsically motivated behavior?

babysitting your younger brother in order to receive your parents' approval

Researchers who studied people injured in the 9/11 attacks found that the injured later suffered from ________. These results demonstrate how stress is linked to the development and progression of a variety of physical illnesses and diseases.

significantly elevated rates of heart disease

Developing stomach ulcers during a prolonged period of stress exemplifies how stress can have a negative ________ impact.

physiological

A demanding or threatening event is often called a(n) ________.

stressor

The relaxation response technique is a stress reduction technique that combines elements of relaxation and ________.

meditation

Which of the following is a negative effect of extended cortisol release caused by chronic or prolonged stress?

The immune system is weakened.

The concept of perceived control refers to ________.

beliefs about the capacity to influence and shape outcomes in our lives

Noomi seems to live by the "don't sweat the small stuff" concept. She is relaxed, laid-back, and never seems too concerned about meeting deadlines or finishing a to-do list. Noomi has a ________ personality.

Type B

What do studies show about the relationship between stress and memory?

Moderate stress can enhance both immediate and delayed recall of educational material.

________ is stress-reduction technique whereby electronic equipment measuring a person's involuntary (neuromuscular and autonomic) activity helps him gain a level of voluntary control over these processes.

biofeedback

Advice, guidance, encouragement, acceptance, emotional comfort, and financial help are all examples of ________.

social support

A high-stress job, overcrowding, and long commutes to work are examples of the way some psychologists conceptualize stress as a ________.

demanding or threatening event or situation

Which of the following statements about the male and female experience of stress is true?

Women report experiencing more stress than men.

Which of the following is an example of a stressor?

being in car accident

Optimism is a tendency toward a(n) ________.

positive outlook and positive expectations

Noticing that you have difficulty concentrating during and after periods of prolonged stress exemplifies how stress can have a negative ________ impact.

cognitive

A stressor is likely to be appraised as a threat when someone ________.

anticipates that it could lead to some kind of harm, loss, or other negative consequence

________ is the kind of stress associated with positive feelings, as well as optimal health and performance.

eustress

Which term refers to mental or behavioral efforts used to manage problems relating to stress, including the cause and the unpleasant feelings and emotions it produces?

coping

________ is a state of intense engagement in an activity; it is usually experienced while participating in creative work and leisure endeavors.

flow

Rush hour traffic, lost keys, obnoxious coworkers, and inclement weather are all examples of a(n) ________.

daily hassle

Lamont cares for his aging father, who suffers from dementia. This is an example of a(n) ________ stressor.

chronic

Marcy is in a car accident. This is an example of a(n) ________ stressor.

acute

Which of the following is an example of eustress?

training for a marathon

People who reach the ________ level of stress feel burned out; they are fatigued, exhausted, and their performance begins to decline.

distress

Which of the following is a reason that depression is associated with heart disease?

Depression may increase the likelihood of living an unhealthy lifestyle, which increases the risk of heart disease.