early polyphony
prelude
- increase in trading and commerce throughout western europe as cities began to be built
- first crusade united Christian ruling families from all over europe in a successful campaign to drive the turks out of jerusalem
- 1050-1300: economic growth, cultural revival in europe - universities, romanesque churches, new monasteries and convents, scholasticism, gothic architecture
- polyphony was born - voices sing together in independent parts, began as improvisation to make chants seem more grand
- wasn't the actual birth of polyphony but it was a polyphonic revolution
- early counterpoint was born
- music started to be written down - created counterpoint, harmony, centrality of notation, composition as distinct from performance
- organum polyphony - polyphonic elaboration of plainchant
early organum
- elaboration on plainchant - only used in really decorative liturgies
- musica enchiriadis - anonymous treatise to figure out how to treat dissonance
parallel organum:
- plainchant melody in principal voice duplicated a fourth or fifth below by an organal voice
- either voice or both may be further duplicated at the octave
- so many tritones
oblique organum:
- not strictly parallel - came from adjustments to get rid of all the tritones
- added part melodically different from plainchant and a wider variety of intervals used
contrary and oblique motion:
- predominated over parallel motion and polyphonic voices grew increasingly independent and more like equal partners
- organal voice shifted to a position above the chant, where it gained more rhythmic and melodic prominence
- mostly consonant intervals
- polyphony was applied mainly to the mass ordinary, certain parts of the proper, and responsories of the office and mass