Urinalysis Final

What makes the color yellow in urine?

Urochrome

What two diseases make a dark color urine?

Melanuria and Alkaptonuria

what is the normal pH range of urine?

4.5-8 pH

What happens to urine when left in room temperature for an hour?

pH increases, Bacteria and nitrite increases, cloudiness increases, glucose, ketone, cell casts, and bilirubin decreases.

Anuria

no output of urine

Oliguria

decrease in urine output

Polyuria

increase in urine output

Nocturia

increase of urine output at night

False negative test

Clinitest

pH reagent, reactions, significance, lab findings

methyl red; bromthymol blue

double indicator system

bacteria increase pH, alkaline- after meals; obstructive cystitis, acidic- normal urine

4.5-8 pH, greater than 9.0 pH= unpreserved

Protein reagent, reactions, significance, lab findings

Tetrabromphenol blue

Protein error of indicators

Renal disease: nephrotic syndrome, glomerulonephritis, multiple myeloma.

orthostatic proteinuria, SSA- confirmatory, RBC’s and casts, normal- neg. to trace

Glucose reagent, reactions, significance, lab findings

Glucose oxidase, peroxidase

double sequential, enzyme reaction

diabetes mellitus, renal threshold, tubular reabsorption malfunction.

normal- neg., clinitest, correlate with ketones

Ketones reagent, reactions, significance, lab findings

sodium nitroprusside

acetoacetic acid, B- hydroxybutyric, acetone

diabetes, starvation, severe diarrhea, vomiting

normal- negative, acetest, correlate with glucose

Blood reagents, reactions, significance, lab findings

tetramehtyl benzidine

pseudoperoxidase activity

UTI, renal calculi, glomerular disease, pyelonephritis, strenuous exercise

hematuria, correlate with protein

Bilirubin reagent, reactions, significance, lab findings

diazo salt

diazo reaction

liver malfunction, bile duct obstruction, gallstones

ictotest, correlate with bilirubin, photosensitive

Nitrite reagents, reactions, significance, lab findings

Griess reaction

cystitis, pyelonephritis

correlate with blood, protein, and leukocytes, GNR- nitrate reducers

Urobilinogen reagents, reactions, significance, lab findings

paradiethylaminobenzaldehyle

Ehrlich’s reaction

liver sz, hemolytic dz, bile duct obstruction

normal- I/EU, Neg.- bile duct obstruction, Pos.- liver and hemolytic dz

Leukeocytes reactions, significance, lab findings

Granulocytic esterase reaction

UTI, pyelonephritis

normal- neg., correlate with blood, protein, nitrite, bacteria

Specific Gravity reactions, significance, lab findings

pK change of polyelectrolyte

renal concentrating ability, diabetes mellitus- increase, diabetes insipidus- decrease

Normal- 1.005 to 1.025

Ketones correlate with what?

Glucose

what are glitter cells?

diluted concentrated cells

True or False?

A presence in Hyaline and Granular casts are usually normal

True

What is orthostatic proteinuria?

when protein is present in urine at night and not in the day.

What does a positive nitrite reaction indicate?

UTI and bacteria

True or False?

CSF blood glucose is 2/3 of blood glucose.

True

what is xanthochromic?

yellow-orange urine that indicates CSF hemorrhage

what is the CSF protein range?

14-45 mg/ dL

The ictotest is for what test?

Bilirubin

The acetest is for what test?

Ketone

What is PKU?

an inborn error of metabolism

newborns lack enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase

Sperm concentration

greater than 20 million/ mL

where is synovial fluid found?

joints

Noninflammatory disorder

clear, yellow fluid

less than 1000 uL WBC’s

less than 30% neutrophils

Inflammatory synovial

cloudy- yellow fluid

poor viscosity

Crystal induced synovial

cloudy, yellow fluid

low viscosity

septic synovial

cloudy, yellow-green fluid

WBC’s 50,000 to 100,000

Hemorrhagic synovial

cloudy, red fluid

normal glucose level

What is arthrocentesis?

needle aspiration

collects synovial fluid from joint

Which hormone affects permeability of collecting duct?

ADH

what does aldosterone do in the nephron?

sodium retention

Creatine clearance equation:

UV/ P (ml/ min)

What disease has increased protein, fatty casts, and oval fat bodies?

Nephrotic syndrome

What disease contain WBC casts with bacteria?

Pyelonephritis

What disease contains RBC casts?

Glomerulonephritis

What does specific gravity indicate?

osmolality concentration and urine concentration

What is hematuria?

RBC found in urine

what does an increase in protein in CSF indicate?

Leakage

increase SG and Glucose

Diabetes mellitus

Decrease SG and ADH

Diabetes insipidus

Acidic crystals

Uric acid, Amorphous urates, Sodium urates, Calcium oxalate

Alkaline crystals

Amorphous phosphates, Calcium phosphate, Triple phosphate, Ammonium biurate, Calcium carbonate