[Anaphy] Introduction to Human Anatomy and Cells

Anatomy

Science of structure and the relationships among structures

Phisiology

Science of body functions

Chemical Level

This organizational level includes the vital atoms such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus, as well as molecules

Cellular Level

This organizational level includes the basic structural and functional units of an organism

Cellular Level

This organizational level is described by the joining of molecules

Cells

Smalles living units in the human body

Tissue Level

This organizational level is composed of groups of cells alongside materials surrounding them that work together to perform a specific function

Epithelial tissue

Type of tissue that covers the body's surfaces, lines body cavities, hollow organs, and ducts (tubes); responsible for forming glands

Connective tissue

Type of tissue that protects and supports the body and its organs, binds organs together, stores energy reserves as fat, and provides immunity

Muscular tissue

Type of tissue that generates the physical force needed to make body structures move

Nervous tissue

Type of tissue that detects changes inside and outside the body and initiates and transmits nerve impulses (action potentials) that coordinate body activities that helps maintain homeostasis

Organ Level

This organizational level is composed of two or more different types of tissues that perform specific functions

System Level

This organizational level is composed of related organs that have similar functionality

Organismal Level

This organizational level is described as the largest level of organization wherein all systems of the body combine and work together for the organism

Integumentary system

Comprises of the skin, hair, nails, sweat and oil glands, which are responsible for regulation of body temperature, creation of vitamin D, detection of sensations and pain, and provides insulation

Skeletal system

Comprises the bones and joints together with their cartilages, which are responsible for the support and protection of the body and play a crucial role in muscle attachment. This system also stores cells that produce RBC, minerals, and lipids (fat)

Muscular system

Comprises the skeletal muscle tissues, of which are attached to the bones, and is vital for body movements (ex. walking and posture) and also assists in producing heat

Nervous system

Comprises the brain, spinal cord, nerves, special sense organs (eyes, ears), and essentially regulates the body's activities

Endocrine system

Comprises the glands and tissues that produce hormones (ex., pituitary, thyroid, pineal, hypothalamus, parathyroid) that assists in regulating bodily activities

Cardiovascular system

Comprises the heart which pumps blood to the blood vessels for it to carry nutrients to cells and CO2 as wells as wastes away from cells to regulate acidity

Lympathic system

Comprises the lymphatic fluid, lymphatic vessels, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and tonsils as well as cells that carry out immune responses (B cells, T cells, etc.) which are responsible of returning protein and fluid to the blood

Lympathic system

This system is also responsible for carrying lipids from the GI tract to blood, and protects our bodies against disease-causing microbes

Spleen

This specific organ in the lympathic system also has a function in the endocrine system

Respiratory system

Comprises of the lungs, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchial tubes within the lungs; hence, are responsible for the transfer of oxygen from inhaled air to blood and CO2 from blood to exhaled air

Respiratory system

This system also helps regulate the acidity of body fluids and has the capability to produce sound through the flow of air from the lungs to the vocal cords

Epiglottis

The flap found by the pharynx and larynx that closes and opens, which helps determine whether food or air shall pass through

Pharynx

This is described as the throat

Larynx

This is described as the voice box

Trachea

This is described as the windpipe

Digestive system

Comprises of the GI tract including the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestines, rectum and anus. This also includes accessory digestive organs (ex. salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas)

Small intestine

This organ is responsible for the absorption of nutrients and goes after the stomach

Large intestine

Follows the small intestine and where feces or other wastes pass through towards the anus

Urinary system

Comprises the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra which are collectively responsible for the production, storage, and elimination of urine, wastes, and regulates the volume and chemical composition of the blood

Renin and angiotensin

Important hormones produced by the kidneys

High blood pressure

The urinary system is intercorrelated with the cardiovascular system in such a way that low water may lead to

Life processes

Essential functions that distinguishes living organisms from non-living matter

Metabolism

Life process that encompasses all chemical reactions in the body including catabolism and anabolism

Catabolism

The process of breaking down molecules

Anabolism

The process of building up molecules

Responsiveness

Life process that refers to the ability to detect and respond to environmental changes--vital for survival (ex. reflexes)

Movement

Life process that includes the motion of the entire organism, organs, and even cellular components

Growth

Life process that results from cell size increase, cell number increase, or material accumulation. Includes cephalocaudal and proximodistal growth

Cephalocaudal growth

Growth from head to toe

Proximodistal growth

Growth from center towards the extremities

Differetiation

Life process that causes unspecialized cells to develop into specialized cells that are essential for complex organism functions

Homeostasis

The maintenance of stable internal conditions despite external changes, which is crucial for optimal body function

Interstitial fluid

Fluid that surrounds the cells

Body, nervous and endocrine system

Important components of homeostasis

Nervous system

This system detects changes from the balanced state and sends messages to organs to counteract the change

Endocrine system

This system corrects the changes by secreting hormones into the blood

Feedback mechanisms

A cycle of events where the condition of the body is continually monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, or reevaluated

Receptor, control center, effector

Three basic components of feedback mechanism

Receptor

Monitors the controlled condition of the body, and when they detect a change they will send nerve impulses or chemical signals

Control center

Receives the nerve impulses or chemical signals from the receptor and will further send impluses or chemical signals

Effectors

Receives the signals from the control center hence, will bring about the change response to that altered the controlled condition

Return to homeostasis

Happens when the response brings the controlled conditioned back to normal

Negative feedback system

Reverses a change in a controlled conditioned

Negative feedback system

The patient presents with high blood pressure, you gave medication to lower it. What feedback system is in play?

Positive feedback system

Strengthens or reinforces a change in one of the body's controlled conditions

Positive feedback system

In childbirth, more oxytocin is released for contractions. What feedback system is in play?

Disorder

An abnormality of structure and/or function

Disease

A more specific term for an illness characterized by a recognizable set of symptoms and signs

Symptoms

These are subjective changes in body functions that are not apparent to the observer or physician

Signs

These are objective changes that a clinician can observe and measure

Symptoms

A patient tells you that they are experiencing headache, and nausea. This is?

Signs

You notice that the patient presents a high temperature, swelling in the left arm, alongside rashes and bumps. This is?

Prone

Patient is placed face down on the examination bed. This position is?

Supine

Patient is placed facing upwards on the examination bed. This position is?

Anatomical position

Patient A stands erect, facing you--the observer, with their head level, eyes faced forward, and lower limbs parallel, feet flat, upper limbs on the sides, palms forward. Body is upright

superior

Toward the upper part, toward the head

inferior

Toward the lower part, away from the head

anterior

Nearer to or at the front of the body

posterior

Nearer to or at the back of the body

medial

Nearer to the midline

lateral

Farther from the midline or midsagttal plane

intermediate

Between two structures

ipsilateral

On the same side of the body as another structure

contralateral

On the opposite side of the body from another structure

Proximal

nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; nearer to the point of origin

Distal

Farther from the attachment of limb to the trunk; farther to the point of origin

Superficial

Toward or on the surface of the body

Deep

Away from the surface of the body

Saggital plane

Divides the body vertically, forming left and right sides

Midsaggital plane

Plane passes through the midline of the body/organ and divides it into equal sides

Parasaggital plane

Plane passes through the midline of the body/organ and divides it into unequal sides

Coronal plane

Divides the body into anterior and posterior

Transverse plane

Divides the body into superior and inferior; passes through the trunk

Oblique plane

Passes through the body or an organ at an angle between the other planes

Cranial cavity

This cavity houses the brain

Vertebral cavity

This cavity houses the spinal cord and the beginnings of the spinal nerves

Thoracic cavity

This cavity encloses the heart and lungs

Pleural cavity

A sub-cavity of the thoracic cavity which surrounds a lung

Pleura

The serous membrane of each pleural cavity

Pericardial cavity

A sub-cavity of the thoracic cavity which surrounds the heart

Pericardium

The serous membrane of the pericardial cavity

Mediastinum

The central portion of the thoracic cavity between the lungs and extends from the sternum to the vertebral column and from the first rib to the diaphragm.

Mediastinum

This cavity contains the heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several large blood vessels.

Abdominopelvic cavity

This cavity is subdivided into: Abdominal and Pelvic

Abdominal cavity

This cavity contains the stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of the large intestine.

Peritoneum

The serous membrane of the abdominal cavity