Chapter 19: Blood

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Functions of Blood

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1

Functions of Blood

  • Transportation: O2 and CO2, nutrients, heat, and waste

  • Regulation: homeostasis of body fluids, regulates pH, adjusts body temperature, blood osmotic pressure

  • Protection: ability to clot, white blood cells carry on phagocytosis, blood proteins include antibodies

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Plasma

straw-colored liquid, 91.5% water and 8.5% solutes (mostly proteins); makes up the largest percentage of total blood volume

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Plasma Proteins

synthesized by hepatocytes (liver cells); includes albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen

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Platelets

fragments of cell that don’t have a nucleus, release chemicals that promote blood clotting, originate from the cytoplasm of a megakaryocyte

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5

White Blood Cells

protect the body from invading pathogens and other foreign substances

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Red Blood Cells

transport oxygen to the body cells and transport CO2 to the lungs

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Hematopoiesis

process of blood developing

before birth: umbilical vesicle of an embryo → liver, spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes

last 3 months of gestation and on: red bone marrow

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Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)

biconcave discs, lack a nucleus, can’t reproduce or carry on extensive metabolic activities, contain hemoglobin (oxygen-carrying protein that makes it red); phagocytosed by macrophages in the spleen; broken down into globin, heme, and biliverdin

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9

Function of Transferring and Ferritin

Transferrin: transporter of Fe3+ in the bloodstream, in bloodstream

Ferritin: protein that stores iron in cells, in liver

act as protective “protein escorts” during transport and storage of iron ions

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10

Neutrophil

  • 60-70%

  • phagocytic → eat and die creating pus

    • small, purple granules and multi-lobed nucleus

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Lymphocyte

  • 20-25%

  • long-term immunity

    • minimal cytoplasm, nucleus takes up most space

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Monocyte

  • 3-8%

  • blood macrophages (big eaters)

    • large, kidney-bean nucleus

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Eosinophil

  • 2-4%

  • parasite fighter, mildly phagocytic

    • big, reddish-orange granules

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Basophil

  • 0-1%

  • allergic reaction (release histamine)

    • large, purple granules

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15

Megakaryocyte

huge cells that splinter into 2000-3000 fragments

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Platelet

each fragment of a megakaryocyte enclosed by a piece of plasma membrane

break off from megakaryocytes in red bone marrow and enter the blood circulation

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Pluripotent Stem Cell

give rise to all of the cell types that make up the body

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Hemostasis

sequence of responses that stops bleeding

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19

Vascular Spasm

contraction of circularly arranged smooth muscle in the walls of arteries or arterioles when they are damaged

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20

Platelet Plug Formation

  • Platelet Adhesion: platelets stick to exposed collagen

  • Platelet Release Reaction: become activated → release chemicals that release more platelets

  • Platelet Aggregation: platelets become sticky (due to ADP) → platelet plug forms

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Clotting (Coagulation)

  • formation of fibrin network

  • blood clot: formation of insoluble protein fibers (fibrin) where the formed elements of blood are trapped

  • extrinsic pathway: occurs rapidly, leaks into blood from cells outside blood vessels

  • intrinsic pathway: occurs slower, activators are in direct contact within blood

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Thrombin

positive feedback on clotting, converts fibrinogen into fibrin, 2 loops:

  • accelerates the formation of prothrombinase → prothrombinase accelerates production of thrombin

  • activates platelets → reinforces their aggregation and the release of platelet phospholipids

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Fibrinogen

blood plasma protein formed in the liver, generates fibrin

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Fibrin

forms the threads of the clot

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Thrombus

blood clot

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Embolus

blood clot that has moved from original location

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Fibrinolytic System

dissolves small, inappropriate clots and clots at site of damage once damage is repaired

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Plasminogen

inactive blood plasma enzyme that generates plasmin

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Plasmin

digests fibrin, initiates destruction of blood clot

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30

Landsteiner’s Rule

“You contain the antibody for the antigen you lack”

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31

anti-Rh

an Rh- person will develop anti-Rh if and only if an Rh- person receives an Rh+ blood transfusion

a second transfusion of Rh+ will cause agglutination and hemolysis of the RBCs

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Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus

Rh- parent and Rh+ baby, anti-Rh can cross placenta and parent is exposed during birth, okay if untreated for first pregnancy but not for second

prevention: RhoGam or RhIg → anti-Rh antibodies given at 28 weeks and delivery which prevents parent’s own anti-Rh creation

treatment: intrauterine transfusion and exchange transfusion at birth

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33

Reticulocyte

immature RBC that moves from the red bone marrow into the blood and matures into an RBC within 1-2 days

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Erythropoiesis

production of RBCs in the red bone marrow

proerythroblast → reticulocyte → RBC

increased during: training at high altitudes, injection of erythropoietin, hemorrhage, anemia

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35

Hormones that Stimulate Hematopoiesis

Erythropoietin (EPO): stimulates production of RBCs

Thrombopoietin (TPO): stimulates the formation of platelets from megakaryocytes

Cytokines: regulate development of blood cell types

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36

Erythropoietin

Increases the number of circulating reticulocytes, oxygen carrying capacity, and bone marrow cell division

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