Lecture Monomers & Polymers

Features of water?

~Water is polar

~Can form hydrogen bonds

~High specific heat capacity

Hydroxyl group example

Alcohol

Properties of hydroxyl group

~Forms hydrogen bonds with water, helping to dissolve molecules

~Enables linkages to other molecules by condensation

Is water hydrophilic or hydrophobic & why?

Water is polar so hydrophilic

What is this functional group?

Aldehyde

Properties of aldehydes?

~ Polar

~ C=O is very reactive.

~ Important in building molecules and in energy releasing reactions

Functional group?

Ketone

Properties of ketones?

~Polar

~ C=O is important in carbohydrates and energy reactions

Functional group?

Carboxyl

Properties of carboxyl group?

~ charged: acidic

~ ionises in living tissues to form —COO- and H+

~ gives up —OH group to form condensation reaction

~ Some carboxylic acids are important in energy releasing reactions

Functional group?

Amino

Example of an amino group?

Amines - methylamine

Properties of amino groups?

~ charged: basic

~ accepts H+ in living tissues to form NH3+

~ enters into condensation reactions by giving up H+

Functional group?

Phosphate

Properties of phosphates?

~Charged: acidic

~ enters into condensation reaction by releasing —OH

~ when bonded to another phosphate hydrolysis releases much energy

Functional group?

Sulfhydryl

What class of compound is a sulfhydryl compound found in?

Thiols

Functional group?

Methyl

What compound is methyl group found in?

Alkyl

Properties of methyl group?

~ Nonpolar

~ Important in reactions with other nonpolar molecules and in energy transfer

Key macromolecules?

~Proteins

~Carbohydrates

~Lipids

~Nucleic Acids

What is a protein's monomer?

Amino acids

Amino acid structure?

Amino acid properties?

~Nonpolar, hydrophobic

~Polar, hydrophilic

~Acidic and basic

What is the start codon?

AUG- encodes for methionine

Chemical formula for generic molecule of carbohydrate?

(CH2O)n )n

(CH2O)1 Example and function

Formaldehyde

Carcinogen

(CH2O)2 example and function

Glycoaldehyde

Highly reactive

(CH2O)3 example and function

Triose- Glyceraldehyde

Glycolysis pathway

(CH2O)4 example and function

Tetroses- Erythrose & Threose

Rare in mammalian biology

(CH2O)5 example and function

Pentoses

DNA & RNA

(CH2O)6 example and function

Hexose

Energy and monomer for polysaccharides

Carbohydrate polysaccharide examples?

~Cellulose

~Starch

~Glycogen

Where are carbohydrate disorders found?

X chromosome

Most common lipids?

~ triglycerides

~ phospholipids

Name the 7 lipid groups

~ Fatty acyls

~ Glycerolipids (Triglycerides)

~ Glycerophospholipids

~ Sterol lipids

~ Prenol lipids

~ Saccharolipids

~ Polyketides

What makes a fat saturated?

No carbon carbon double bonds

What is a triglyceride?

~ 1 glycerol

~ 3 fatty acids

What is a phospholipid?

~ 1 phosphate group

~ 1 glycerol

~ 2 fatty acids

Phospholipid bilayer has a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail.

Importance of lipids?

Small uncharged molecules (e.g. glycerol, water, ethanol) can pass through the hydrophobic lipid bilayer.

Large polar molecules and ions can’t pass through the lipid bilayer.

Steroid examples

Cholesterol

Testosterone

Oestrogen