BIOL 1306 Ch 4-6

The semifluid matrix that surrounds organelles in a cell is called the

cytoplasm

Eukaryotes show organization of tightly packaged chromosomal DNA with proteins into a membrane-bound structure called a

nucleus

The organelle that can collect, package, modify, and transport molecules is called the

Golgi apparatus

Many antibiotics kill bacteria because they hinder translation by prokaryotic _________.

ribosomes

The evolutionary process that created chloroplasts and mitochondria is

endosymbiosis

Microfilaments such as actin, microtubules, and the intermediate filaments form the cell-supporting structure called the

cytoskeleton

Small cells function more effectively, because as cells become larger their surface area to volume ratio:

decreases

Organelles that breakdown hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen are

peroxisomes

A circular molecule of DNA devoid of any histone proteins describes the chromosome of

bacteria

Who first described cells?

Hooke

Schleiden and Schwann stated the "cell theory," which in its modern form says

all organisms are composed of one or more cells

Chromosomal hereditary material can be packaged in this organelle in eukaryotic cells but not in prokaryotic cells.

nucleus

Prokaryotic cell movement is attributed to:

flagella

Photosynthetic pigments in bacteria are located in the:

plasma membrane

Plant cells often have a large membrane-bound sac that is used for storing water and other substances called a:

central vacuole

This cellular structure lacks a membrane:

nucleoid

Some of the functions of the eukaryotic organelles are performed in bacteria by the:

plasma membrane

The cytoplasmic space in eukaryotic cells occupied by membrane-bound structures with specific cellular functions called:

organelles

Ribosomes are made up of:

protein and RNA

Organelle that is directly involved in the transport of proteins synthesized on the surface of the rough ER:

Golgi body

In eukaryotes, mitochondria are the organelles primarily involved in:

energy release/capture

Nuclear pores permit the passage of all the following except:

DNA molecules only outward

The nucleolus is the site of:

ribosome assembly

Mitochondria and chloroplasts are the other organelles besides the nucleus that contain:

DNA

Organelle involved in oxygen-requiring process where energy harvested from macromolecules is used to generate ATP:

mitochondria

Cilia and flagella of eukaryotic cells are composed of:

microtubules in a 9 + 2 arrangement

The distinctive feature of chloroplasts is that they contain a green pigment called:

chlorophyll

A spider mite seems to be the habitat of an even smaller mite, which is about 0.05mm. Which microscope would you use?

binocular compound light microscope

Why is does the endoplasmic reticulum of each cell appear rough?

This tissue exports proteins to other areas of the body

Plants, fungi and bacterial all have:

cell walls

If you could create an artificial cell, what cellular structures must you include?

ribosomes

What factors, either directly or indirectly, are related to receptor-mediated endocytosis?

It is an active process. It increases membrane fluidity by transporting cholesterol into the cell.

Which type of transport is affected if ATP production is blocked?

Active Transport

The lipid layer that forms the foundation of cell membranes is primarily composed of molecules called_________.

phospholipids

While water orients phospholipids into a lipid bilayer, it doesn't fix the lipids into position. This makes it

fluid

What describes the movement of substances down their concentration gradients?

Diffusion

Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a membrane in response to the concentration of one or more of the_________.

solutes

Which type of protein is embedded in the cell membrane for both active transport and facilitated transport?

carrier

Osmosis occurs as water crosses the lipid bilayer through specialized channels for water movement called_________.

aquaporins

The plasma membrane is a thin sheet of lipid molecules embedded with?

proteins.

Membrane proteins are not very soluble in water because they possess long stretches of non-polar amino acids that are?

hydrophobic.

If a cell has the same internal concentration of dissolved molecules as its outside environment, it is:

isotonic.

Transport of a solute across membrane where solute goes up its concentration gradient and uses protein carriers:

active transport.

The fluid nature of the membranes is attributed to a lateral movement of?

phospholipid molecules.

On the outer surface of the plasma membrane there are marker molecules that identify the cell type. Often they are?

carbohydrate chains

Which of the following protein classes are not found as membrane proteins?

hormones

The movement of substances from high concentration to regions where their concentration is lower is called?

diffusion

If two solutions have unequal concentrations of a solute, the solution with the lower concentration is called?

hypotonic

In bacteria, fungi, and plants, the high internal pressure generated by osmosis is counteracted by their:

cell walls 

The process often referred to as "cellular eating" is?

phagocytosis

Carrier-mediated transport of a substance down its concentration gradient is called?

facilitated diffusion.

Osmosis can only occur if water travels through the?

semipermeable membrane

A type of molecule movement that is specific and requires carrier molecules and energy is?

active transport

In a single pump cycle where sodium and potassium are exchanged and ATP is used, the following is expected:

3 sodium ions leave and 2 potassium ions enter.

The accumulation of amino acids and sugars within animal cells can occur through:

coupled transport.

Cholesterol functions in the plasma membrane to?

maintain fluidity.

A phospholipid molecule has a polar and a nonpolar end. Because of this, water molecules form?

polar bonds with the polar end of the phospholipid molecule.

You want to collect the content of human red blood cells. The type of solution researchers should use to cause lysis?

hypoosmotic.

What is the main component of an animal cell membrane?

phospholipids

Turgor pressure is observed when a plant cells environment is_________.

hypoosmotic

What initiates the sodium-potassium pump?

Three sodium ions bind to the cytoplasmic side of the protein.

Why do we have storage macromolecules, such as fats, in our bodies?

We can break down these macromolecules to provide energy

Energy is defined as

the capacity to do work.

The amount of energy available to do work is called

free energy

The energy needed to destabilize existing chemical bonds and start a chemical reaction is

activation energy

If a drug is bound to the active site of the enzyme, it prevents substrate binding. This drug would be

a competitive inhibitor.

Oxidation and reduction reactions are chemical processes that result in a gain or loss of

electrons

Creating sugar molecules through photosynthesis requires energy absorbed from sunlight. What kind of reaction is this?

endergonic

A chemical reaction is exergonic. What is the relationship between the reactants and the products in this reaction?

The reactants have more free energy than the products

The organic nonprotein components that aid in enzyme functioning are called

coenzymes

The inorganic nonprotein components that participate in enzyme catalysis are known as

cofactors

The chemistry of living systems representing all chemical reactions is called

metabolism

A calorie is the commonly used unit of chemical energy. It is also the unit of

heat

The term oxidation is derived from the name of the element oxygen. This is reasonable, because oxygen

attract electrons very strongly

When an atom or molecule gains one or more electrons, it is

reduced

The ultimate source of energy for humans comes from what source?

The Sun

In cellular respiration, not all of the energy that is contained in glucose is converted into the energy. What happened?

It is lost as heat

The Law of Thermodynamics that states that energy cannot be created or destroyed is

The First Law of Thermodynamics

The Law of Thermodynamics that states that increases in entropy are favored is

The Second Law of Thermodynamics

In an enzyme-catalyzed reaction, the reactant is called the

substrate

When the substrate is bound to the enzyme, the shape of the enzyme may change slightly, leading to

an induced fit

In order to reuse an enzyme after the conclusion of an enzyme catalyzed reaction, what must occur?

the enzyme has to separate itself from the product

What type of chemical reactions are anabolic and catabolic metabolic reactions?

Anabolic reactions are endergonic, whereas catabolic are exergonic.

Under standard conditions, ATP can release for every molecule converted to ADP

7.3 Kcal of energy.

Does ADP contain the capacity to provide energy for the cell?

Yes. Breaking bond BTW sugar & the 2 phosphate groups can provide energy

If you wanted to slow down that particular cellular activity by controlling the enzyme, what could you do?

Decrease the temperature of the incubator where the cells are growing