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wholesalers
business establishments that do not sell many products to households or end users
sell physical inputs in products required by other businesses
provide services or channel functions
master distributors
super wholesaler that distributes to other wholesalers
single point of contact
consolidate orders to avoid order minimum
quantity discount and lower transportation
carefully evaluated using scorecard
9 generic functions of wholesaler
physical possession
take title
promote product
negotiate transactions
finance operations
risk capital
process orders
handle payments
manage information
wholesale consolidation
massive, decade long consolidation
sparked by information technology
eliminates inefficiency
trends in wholesaling
populated by many small firms
disappearance of 2/3 of industry
difference between wholesaler and distributor
wholesaler: resold to intermediary
distributor: resells to industrial
supply chain management
strategic coordination of traditional business functions across channels
agents/brokers
buy and sell without taking ownership
third-party logistic providers
do not take title to products they handle
charge activity-based fee for services rendered
manufacturers outsource work to 3pls
product/trade name manufacturing
authorize distribution through wholesalers and retailers
makes profit via margins
automotive
gas stations
beverage bottlers
business format franchising
entire way of doing business
grey area structure
benefits for franchisee
decision making
business model
coaching and support
quality policing
brand name
european union definition of franchising
exempt from rules to maintain competition, maintain cohesive identity
benefits for franchisor
fast spread
local consultation and innovation
inherent incentive
franchisor strategies to keep franchisees from leaving
Franchisees giving leniency more likely to be fully engaged and trusting
Encouragement to innovate
Team spirit
Helping finance franchisees
Fairness
Low costs for franchisee
Franchisor owning few stores
Open communication
Competence and reliability
Win-win solutions
challenges in franchising
misdirect effort
manage quality
multi-unit franchising
manager is not owner, but rather units are collectively managed through the spread of local information
This is most beneficial when stores in one company are adjacent to one another and when they are dealing with similar demographics.
In this strategy, it is easier to monitor managers and amortize human capital, and less free riding occurs.
key intermediary functions in global market
helping those distribute internationally
country selection
finding international customers
managing adherence to regulations
logistics and paperwork
export management company
does everything necessary to sell internationally
Marketing research, business development, promotions, logistics, credit and payment handling, customer service, regulation compliance, raining sales forces, and trade shows
export trade companies
work with various products
raw materials (industrial)
finished goods (consumer)
vertical integration
extensive processing, manufacturing, and transportation operations
piggybacking
when a company uses another’s distribution channel
saves money and time
commission or fees
no conflicts of interest
factors for success in international retail
unique benefits
ability to compete with local markets
international franchise strategies
direct franchising: recruiting individual franchisees
area-development franchise: multi-unit franchising over geographic area
master franchising: franchisee of geographic area recruits sub-franchisees
joint venture direct franchising
base of the pyramid market
living of less than $1-$2 a day
remote rural areas or urban slums
BOP often lack savings or credit
Often lack literacy or geographic mobility
Often resist change and spend income on necessities
Trust and education necessary to market to BOP
challenges marketing to base of the pyramid
poor infrastructure,
remote consumers
unpredictable incomes
channel strategies
make buying easy, convenient, efficient and cost effective
service output: bulk breaking
allows purchasing smaller quantity when goods are produced in large batch
service output: spatial convenience
reduces transportation and search costs
includes delivery, and pick up of repairable products
service output: waiting or delivery time
reduces need to plan consumption
end-users pay more for shorter wait times
service output: product variety
greater variety costs more
assortment: depth of product brands
service output: customer service
all aspects that ease shopping and purchasing
better customer service means more profits
service outputs: information sharing
educating end users about products and providing services before and after sale
solutions retailing
3 step process to segment end users by service outputs
generate list of desired service outputs by end-user
divide into segments
divide based on common product or advertising decisions
distinct groups with similar end users
name segments to facilitate internal communications
key features of omnichannel
managing channel relationships
harnessing customer knowledge
assessing channel performance
leveraging technology