Geography Chapter 2

population portion

world can be divided into 7 portions, each containing about 1 billion people

Population Clusters

.2/3 of the worlds inhabitants live in 4 regions: East Asia, South Asia, Europe, Southeast Asia

Ecumene

The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement.

Arithmetic Density-population geography

The total number of people divided by the total land area.

arable land

land suited for agriculture

Physiological Density

The number of people per unit area of arable land

Agricultural Density

The ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land

produce higher crop yields w fewer people

countries with higher stages of economic development are able to

Natural Increase Rate

The percentage by which a population grows in a year

doubling time

The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.

Crude Birth Rate

The total number of live births in a year for every 1000 people alive in the society.

Crude Death Rate

The total number of deaths in a year for every 1000 people alive in the society.

demographic transition

The process of change in a society's population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and a higher total population.

4 stages of demographic transition

stage one:very high CBR, very high CDR, Very low NIR
stage 2:still high CBR, rapidly declining CDR, very high NIR
stage 3: rapidly declining CBR, moderately declining CDR, moderate NIR
stage 4:very low CBR, low, slightly increasing CDR, 0 or negative NIR

gender-based selection

700,00 female babies are "missing" in China and India every year because of

sex ratio

The number of males per 100 females in the population.

Maternal Mortality Rate

annual number of deaths of women from pregnancy-related causes per 100,000 live births

Infant Mortality Rate

The total number of deaths in a year among infants under 1 year old for every 1,000 live births in a society.

potential support ratio

the number working-age people (age 15-64) divided by the number of persons 65 and older

life expectancy

The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions. Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live.

dependency ratio

the number of people who are too young or too old to work, compared to the number of people in their productive years

Population Pyramid

a bar graph that displays the percentage of a place's population for each age and gender

$100 in sub-Saharan Africa and SouthAsia

annual per capita expenditure on health care exceeds $1000 in developed countries

infectious disease

principle cause of human deaths

Pandemic

Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population.

Epidemiologic Transition

focuses on distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition

4 stages of epidemiologic transition

Stage 1: Pestilence and Famine, Stage 2: Receding Pandemics, Stage 3:Degenerative Diseases, Stage 4: Delayed Degenerative Diseases

Stage 4: Delayed Degenerative Diseases

-low but increasing CDR
-the major degenerative causes of death linger, but the life expectancy of older people is extended through medical care, and behavior changes (better diet, reduced use of tobacco/alcohol, etc.)

Stage 3: Degenerative Diseases

Decrease in deaths from infectious diseases and increase in chronic disorders associated with aging

Overpopulation

a situation in which the number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living

Malthus's Theory

human populations always grow to exceed resources, so the humans that survive to reproduce are the ones that are better able to access these resources and those who cannot access them die out

Total Fertility Rate

The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years.

Zero Population Growth

population neither grows nor declines

Possible Stage 5: Evolution

Infectious disease microbes have continuously evolved and changed in response to environmental pressures by developing resistance to drugs and insecticides.

Possible Stage 5: Poverty

Infectious diseases are more prevalent in poor areas than other places because unsanitary conditions may persist and most people can't afford the drugs needed for treatment.

Possible Stage 5: Increased Connection

motor vehicles allow people to travel to and from urban and rural areas. Airplanes allow people to travel out of country easily exposing others to diseases they may carry.

lower CBR

through education, health care and contraception