Friday, November 18th, 2023

Objectives:

• Explain the endosymbiotic theory

• Name and describe the types of intercellular junctions

Concept 4.5

Mitochondria are the sites of cellular respiration, a metabolic process that uses oxygen to generate ATP

Chloroplasts, found in plants and algae, are the sites of photosynthesis

peroxisomes are oxidative organelles

The Evolutionary origins of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

• Mitochondria and chloroplasts display similarities with bacteria

• Enveloped by a double membrane

• Contain ribosomes and multiple circular DNA molecules

• Grow and reproduce somewhat independently in cells

The endosymbiont theory

• An early ancestor of eukaryotic engulfed a nonphotosynthetic prokaryotic cell, which formed an endosymbiont relationship with its host

• The host cell and endosymbiont merged into a single organism, a eukaryotic cell with a mitochondrion

• At least one of these cells may have taken up a photosynthetic prokaryote, becoming the ancestor of cells that contain chloroplasts

• Mitochondria are in nearly all eukaryotic cells

• They have a smooth outer membrane and an inner membrane folded into cristae

• The inner membrane creates two compartments: intermembrane space and mitochondrial matrix

• Come metabolic steps of cellular respiration are catalyzed in the mitochondrial matrix

• Cristae present a large surface area for enzymes that synthesize ATP

Chloroplast: Capture of Light Energy

• Chloroplasts contain the green pigment chlorophyll, as well as enzymes and other molecules that function in photosynthesis

• Chloroplasts are found in leaves and other green organs of plants and in algae

• Chloroplast structure includes

  • Thylakoids, membranous sacs, stacked to form a granum

  • Stroma, the internal fluid

• The chloroplast Is one of a group of plant organelles called plastids