Anatomy Multiple Choice

What kind of cartilage is found on joint ends and used as a precursor to bone?

Hyaline

What kind of cartilage has a lot of elastin and is found on the ear and epiglottis?

Elastic

What kind of cartilage contains lots of collagen and resists tension and shearing forces while being flexible?

Fibrocartilage

What is the primary cell type in cartilage that secretes collagen, elastin, and extracellular matrix?

Chondrocyte

Cartilage consists of primarily _____, making up 60=80% of it.

water

What surrounds cartilage to prevent outward expansion?

Perichondrium

What allows for movement through articulations in between bones?

Joints

One of the functions of bones is mineral storage, what minerals do bones store?

Phosphates and calcium

Bone is 35% composed of cells, fibers, and organic substances, what kind of components are these?

Organic

Bone is 65% composed of calcium phosphate, what components are these?

Inorganic mineral salts

What is the internal parts of the bone usually filled with marrow?

Spongy/Trabecular bone

What is the external parts of bone that creates a hard shell exterior?

Compact bone

What are the ends of a bone called?

Epiphysis

What separates the diaphysis from the epiphyses?

Epiphyseal line

What is the shaft of a bone called?

Diaphysis

What part of bone is filled with yellow marrow in adults?

Medullary cavity

What part of bone are the periosteum and endosteum?

Membranes

Where are yellow (fat and lipids) and red (hematopoietic blood cells) marrow located?

Spongy bone

What is the double-layered protective membrane on outside of bone?

Periosteum

What is the delicate membrane covering internal surfaces of bone that contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts?

Endosteum

What are the stem cells for bone cells?

Osteoprogenitor / Osteogenic cells

What forms bone?

Osteoblasts

What degrades bone?

Osteoclasts

What maintains bone?

Osteocytes

What is unmineralized bone called?

Osteoid

Calcium and phosphate are organic minerals. (T/F)

FALSE

What reinforces bones?

The direction of adjacent lamellae layers

What is the structural unit of compact bone that runs longitudinally?

Haversian system (Osteon)

What are column-like tubes composed of mineralized collagen fibers?

Lamella

What are Lacunae?

Small cavities in bone that contain osteocytes

What part of the Osteon contains blood vessels and nerves?

Haversian (central) Canal

Osteoblasts are located on the _________ of the bone where bone can be added

periphery

Osteocytes are located in various __________, but not in concentric circles as compact bone

trabeculae

Spongy bone is organized into thin columns called __________.

trabeculae

Trabeculae have osteocytes in ________

lacunae

Spaces between trabeculae hold what?

Red and yellow bone marrow

What kind of bone formation forms directly from mesenchyme without a cartilaginous matrix?

Intramembranous

What kind of bone formation forms from a cartilaginous matrix that becomes calcified then replaced with bone and uses Hyaline cartilage as a scaffold?

Endochondral

For Intramembranous bone formation, where do Ossification centers develop?

Within mesenchyme

For Intramembranous bone formation, Osteoid is secreted and then calcified, forming what?

Woven bone and periosteum

After woven bone and periosteum form in Intramembranous bone formation, what occurs?

Lamellar bone / osteons develop, forming compact bone

How does Endochondral bone formation take place?

Bones form from Hyaline cartilage precursors starting from the diaphysis and then extending proximally and distally

What stimulates bone growth at the epiphyseal plates?

Growth Hormone

What promotes adolescent growth spurts, causes masculinization and feminization at specific parts of skeleton, and later induce epiphyseal plate closure, ending longitudinal bone growth?

Testosterone and Estrogen

What occurs with hGH (Growth Hormone) deficiency?

Dwarfism

What occurs with hGH (Growth Hormone) hypersecretion?

Gigantism

After puberty, the epiphyseal plates are fused and hGH hypersecretion causes the bones to thicken and deform. This is called what?

Acromegaly

Where does bone remodeling occur?

At both periosteal and endosteal surfaces

What deposits new bone?

Osteoblasts

Osteoclasts ______ bone

resorb

What do Osteoclasts do to break down bone surfaces and tissue?

• Secrete concentrated hydrochloric acid that dissolves minerals

• Lysosomal enzymes digest organic matrix collagen

What bone fracture is where bone is broken all the way through?

Complete

What bone fracture is where bone is not broken all the way through?

Incomplete

What bone fracture is where bone ends retain their normal position?

Non-displaced

What bone fracture is where bone ends are out of normal alignment?

Displaced

What type of bone fracture is parallel to the long axis of the bone?

Linear

What type of bone fracture is perpendicular to the long axis of the bone?

Transverse

What type of bone fracture is where the bone ends penetrate the skin?

Compound (open)

What type of bone fracture is where the bone ends do not penetrate the skin?

Simple (closed)

What type of bone fracture is where bone fragments are into three or more pieces?

Comminuted (fragmentation)

What type of bone fracture is where bone is crushed?

Compression (spongy mostly)

What type of bone fracture is a ragged break that occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone?

Spiral

What type of bone fracture is where the epiphysis separates from the diaphysis along the epiphyseal plate, tends to occur where cartilage cells are dying?

Epiphyseal

What type of bone fracture is where the broken bone portion is pressed inward (typical of skull fracture)?

Depression

What type of bone fracture is where the bone breaks incompletely, much in a way a green twig breaks, only one side of the shaft breaks and the other side bends?

Greenstick

During bone repair, torn blood vessels hemorrhage, an influx of cells occurs, and what then occurs?

Site becomes swollen, painful, and inflamed

During bone repair, ___________ tissue (soft callus) forms, capillaries grow into this tissue, and phagocytic cells begin cleaning debris.

granulation

During bone repair, new bone trabeculae appear, fibrocartilaginous callus is replaced. Bone callus begins ___ weeks after injury, and continues until firm union is formed ___ months later.

3-4, 2-3

During bone repair, excess material is removed by ___________

osteoclasts

What are the four stages of bone fracture healing?

• Hematoma formation (inflammatory stage and hemostasis)

• Fibrocartilaginous callus formation (lay a foundation for healing to occur)

• Bony callus formation (bone forms and strengthens the broken bone)

• Bone remodeling (clean up and maintenance)

What is softening of bones, most often caused by Vitamin D or calcium deficiency, called Rickets in children?

Osteomalacia

What disorder is where bone reabsorption outpaces bone deposition and occurs mostly in women after menopause?

Osteoporosis

The skin (integument) has what 3 layers from top to bottom?

Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

The epidermis has what 5 strata (layers), most superficial to deep?

corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, and basale

What layer of the epidermis is dead scale-like keratinocytes?

Corneum

What layer of the epidermis is the dead compacted keratinocytes (thick skin only)?

Lucidum

What layer of the epidermis do the keratinocytes produce tonofilaments and contains langerhands cells (antigen presenting cells)?

Spinosum

What layer of the epidermis contains stem cells, melanocytes, merkel cell and disc?

Basale

In thick skin (like palms and soles) you would expect to see an extra layer of the epidermis. What is this layer called?

Stratum lucidum

What cell type produces keratin, is the most abundant, and is found in all layers of the epidermis?

Keratin

What cell type produces melanin in the stratum basale of the epidermis?

Melanocytes

What cell type has macrophages that are part of the immune system in the stratum spinosum of the epidermis?

Langerhans cells

What cell type is part of sensory receptors for touch, and is in the stratum basale of the epidermis?

Merkel cells

Which layer of the skin is made up of strong, flexible connective tissue?

Dermis

In the dermis, what produces the matrix that is active in wound closing and scarring?

Fibroblasts

The Reticular dermis is made up of what kind of tissue and takes up what percentage of the dermis?

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue, 80%

The Papillary dermis is made up of what kind of tissue and takes up what percentage of the dermis?

Loose Connective Tissue, 20%

What represents less dense areas between collagen bundles in the dermis?

Langer cleavage lines

What are established at about 17 weeks of prenatal development and reflect the underlying dermal papillae, that is used as a means of personal identification?

Epidermal ridges

What is another name for the hypodermis that serves as a fat reservoir, insulator, heat regulator, and binds the skin to underlying muscles and organs?

Subcutaneous fascia

What is in epidermal cells and melanocytes that has a yellow/red/brown/black appearance?

Melanin

What is in epidermal cells and subcutaneous fat that has a yellow/orange appearance?

Carotene

What is in the dermal vessels that has a pink/red/purple/blue appearance?

Hemoglobin

What protects skin cells from the harmful effects of UV radiation?

Melanin

What are pigment cells derived from neural crest that inject melanosomes into surrounding epidermal cells?

Melanocytes

What glands have a merocrine mode of secretion, are widely distributed on the body, and are independent of hair follicles?

Eccrine sweat glands

What glands have a apocrine mode of secretion, have restricted distribution, and secrete into hair follicles?

Apocrine sweat glands

What are modified apocrine sweat glands located in the lining of the ear canal that forms ear wax?

Ceruminous glands

What are highly modified apocrine sweat glands that are located in the breasts and secrete milk under hormonal stimulation?

Mammary glands

What glands have a holocrine method of secretion, open into hair follicles, and produced an oily substance that lubricates skin and hair and inhibits the growth of skin bacteria?

Sebaceous (oil) glands