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base unit
describes one type of quantity to be measured/describes
preciseness
amount of uncertainty in a measurement - more decimals/ sig figs
accurateness
how close you are to an accepted value
absolute uncertainty
the actual uncertainty in the value
relative uncertainty
amount of uncertainty compared to amount measured
derived unit
combines 2 units
unitary rate
denominator of 1
classification
How things are divided by their characteristics
Interpretation
any knowledge obtained indirectly to explain the process or substance
inference
A conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning
hypothesis
preliminary concept that has to be proved before being accepted
theory
accepted explanation - principles that can expalin a large number of observations
model
diagram used to simplify abstract idea
matter
has mass and occupies space
volume
The amount of space an substance takes up
mass
the amount of matter in an object
Qualitative
characteristics obtained descriptively
Quantative
characteristics obtained from measurement
intensive property
doesn't depend on the amount of matter
extensive property
a property that depends on the amount of matter in a sample
Lustre
how substance reflects light - shiny or dull
melting point
The temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid
freezing point
The temperature at which a liquid changes into a solid
boiling point
The temperature at which a liquid changes to a gas
solubility
the concentration of a saturated solution of a solute in solvent - ability of solid to dissolve in solvent. how mcuh can dissolve before no more can dissolve
Conductivity
ability of substance to conduct an electric current
potential energy
stored energy; depends on relative positioning of particles
kinetic energy
related to motion of particles
pure substance
A homogenous sample of matter, either a single element or a single compound, that has definite chemical and physical properties
mixture
A combination of two or more pure substances combined
element
A pure substance made of only one kind of atom, cannot be broken down
compound
A pure substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements in a fixed proprtion, can be broken down by heat or electricity
solution
a homogenous mixture of two or more substances uniformly dispersed throughout a single phase
suspension
heterogeneous mixture where solid particles are dispersed in a liquid or gas but are not dissolved
homogenous
uniform composition, one phase
heterogenous
diff components observed, not uniform, more than 1 phase
mechanical mixture
diff kinds of matter visible in a mixture
distillation
A process that separates the substances in a solution based on their boiling points. evaporation --> condensation of vapours. In distillation, the mixture is heated, causing the liquid with the lowest boiling point to vaporize, which is then directed into a condenser where it cools, condenses back into a liquid, and is collected separately, leaving behind the remaining components.
Fractional distillation
separation of a liquid mixture into fractions differing in boiling point (and hence chemical composition) by means of distillation, typically using a fractionating column.
Mechanical
phsyically separation without altering chemical properties
settling
heavier/denser particles sink
Floatation
Use when one component of a mixture floats and the other sinks in a liquid
Filtration
separates low solubility solid from liquid using filter
extraction
isolate a specific substance from a mixture by utilizing the differences in solubility between the components. The process typically involves mixing the substance with a solvent in which one or more components dissolve while others do not.
Crystallization
getting a solid by evaporating solvent or cooling concentrated solution
Chromatography
based on the how they travel across stationary thing, diff chemical properties
law of definite proportion
The proportion of elements in compound is always the same.
law of multiple proportions
different compounds made up of the same elements differ in the number of atoms of each kind that combine
atoms
smallest part of element that is representative of element, made up of neutrons protons and electrons
ions
particle or group of partices w positive or negative charge
molecules
particle conatning fixed # of covalently bonded non metal atoms
formula units
smallest amt of substance hat has composition given by ionic formula