AP Human Geography unit 7

Agglomeration

Agglomeration

the action or process of regions or areas collecting in mass usually for certain advantages

Barriadas

another name for squatter settlements that are residential developments that take place on land that is neither owned nor is rented by its occupants

Bid-rent theory

a geographical economic theory to how the price and demand on real estate changes as the distance towards the CBD increases

Blockbusting

a process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that black families will soon move into the neighborhood

CBD (central business district)

The area of a city where retail and office activities are clustered

Census tract

An area delineated by the U.S. Bureau of the Census for which statistics are published

Centrality

The functional dominance of cities within an urban system

Centralization

Is the process by which the activities of an organization

Central-place theory

a theory that explains the distribution of services, based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services; larger settlements are fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements and provide services for a larger number of people who are willing to travel farther

Christaller, Walter

created the central place theory which displayed the ideas that central places would provide services and goods to the surrounding areas

City

conglomeration of people and buildingd clustered together to serve as a center of politics, culture, and economics.

Colonial city

compared to older cities , colonial cities typically contain wider streets and public squares, lager houses, surrounded by gardens, and much lower density

Commercialization

the transfermation of an area of a city into an area attractive to residents and tourists alike in terms of economic activity

Commuter zone

the fifth ring in the concentric zone model that is beyond the continuous built-up area of the city

Concentric zone model

a model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings

Counterurbanization

net migration from urban to rural areas in more developed countries

Decenteralization

the process of dispersing desicion-making closer to the point of service or action

Deindustrialization

a process of social and economic change caused by the removal or reduction of industry in a country or region

Early city

cities of the ancient world

Economic Base (basic/nonbasic)

a commutity's collection of basic industries

Edge city

a large node of office and retail activities on teh edge of an urban area

Emerging city

city currantly without much population but increasing in size at a fast rate

Employment structure

how the workforce is divided up between the three main employment sectors - primary, secondary, and tertiary

Ethnic neighborhood

a neighborhood in which the people who live in there and share physical, mental, and cultural traits

Favela

the brazilian equivalent of a shanty-town, which are generally found on the edge of the city

Female-headed household

a household in which the most powerful person is a female

Festival landscape

a landscape of cultural festivities

Gateway city

serves as a link between one country or region and others because of its physical situation.

Gender

the social differences between men and women

Gentrification

the invations of older, centrally located working class neighborhoods by higher income households seeking the character and convenience of less expensive and well-located residences

Ghetto

durning the middle ages, a nieghborhood in a city set up by law to be inhabited only by jews; now used to denote a section of a city in which members of any minority group live because of social, legal, or economic pressure

Great cities

a city with a population of more then 1 million

High-tech corridors

made up of thousands of high tech businesses and industries

Hinterland

the area surrounding a cental place, from which people are attracted to use the place's goods and services

Hydraulic civilization

any culture having an agricultural system that is dependent upon large-scale government-managed waterworks

Indigenous city

a center of population, commerce, and culture that is native to a country

In-filling

the use of vacant land and property within a built-up area for further construction or development

Informal sector

it is the economic activity that is neither taxed nor monitored by a government; and is not included in that governments GNP

Infrastructure

the fundenmental facilities and systems serving a country, city, or area, such as transprotation and communication systems, power plants, and schools

Inner city

residental neighborhoods that surround the CBD

Invasion and succession

a model of change used in urban ecology to represent the effects of immigration on the social structure of an urban area

Lateral commuting

commuting between two suburbs

Medieval cities

cities that existed during the time frame of the middle ages

Megacities

a recognized metropolitan area with a total population in excess of 10 million people

Megalopolis/conurbation

an area of an adjacent metropolitan ares that overlap

Metropolitan area

the couny within which the city is located, and adjacent counties meeting one of several tests indicating a functional connection to the central city

Multiple nuclei model

a model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a collection of nodes of activities

Multiplier effect

the expansion of the money supply that results from a Federal Reserve System member bank's ability to lend significantly in excess of its reserves

Neighborhood

the area or region around or near some place or thing

Office Park

is an area of land in which many office buildings are grouped together

Peak land value intersection

is the land within a settlement with the greatest land value and commerce

Planned communities

any community that was carfully planned from its inception and is typically constructed in a previously undevelped area

Postindustrial city

a city in which an economic transition has occured from a manufacturing based economy to a servicebased economy

Postmodern urban landscape

Attempts to reconnect people to place through its architecture, the preservation of historical buildings, the re-emergence of mixed land uses and connections among developments

Primate city

the largest settlement in a country, if it has more than twice as many people as the second ranking settlement

Racial steering

refers to the practice in which real estate brokers guide prospective home buyers towards or away from certain neighborhoods based on their race

Rank-size rule

a pattern of settlement in a country

Redlining

a process by which banks draw lines on a map and refuse to lend money to perchase or improve property within boundries

Restrictive covenants

provision in a property deed preventing sale to a person of a particular race or religion; loan discrimination; ruled unconstitutional

Sector model

A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors, or wedges, radiating out from the central business district (CBD).

Segregation

the separation or isolation of a race, class, or group

Settlement form (nucleated, dispersed, elongated)

nucleated: a compact, closely packed settlement sharply decorated from adjoining farmlands; dispersed: characterized by a much lower density of population and the wide spacing of individual homesteads; elongated: a state whose territory is long and narrow in shape

Shopping mall

mercantile establishment consisting of a carefully landscaped complex of shops representing leading merchandisers

Site/situation

Site = the physical character of place; what is found at the location and why it is significant, Situation = the location of a place relative to other places

Slum

a heavily populated urban area characterized by substandard housing and squalor

Social structure

social organization based on established patterns of social interaction between different relationships

Specialization

separation of tasks within a system

Squatter settlement

An area within a city in a less developed country in which people illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures.

Street pattern (grid, dendritic, access, control)

the way in which streets are designed;
grid: streets are arranged in a grid-like fashion; dendritic: characterized by fewer streets organized based on the amount of traffic each is intended to carry; access: provides access to a subdivision, housing project, or highway; control: allows highways or housing projects to be supervised

Suburb

residential areas on the outskirts of a city or large town

Suburbanization

a term used to describe the growth of areas on the fringes of major cities

Symbolic landscape

landscape that depicts symbols

Tenement

An apartment building, especially one meeting minimum standards of sanitation, safety or maintenance up keep.

Threshold

The minimum number of people needed to support the service.
Significance: Many service companies when thinking of a location will consider the threshold or hte number of people that are needed fro them to stay in business.

Town

an urban area with a fixed boundary that is smaller than a city

Underclass

a group in society prevented from participating in the material benefits of a more developed society because of a variety of social and economic characteristics.
Significance: Many of the underclass live in the inner cities which face tough issues making it hard for them.

Underemployment

Employed at a job that does not fully use one's skills or abilities.
Significance: Since there is a competition for jobs in some areas especially those that are highly urbanized means that there might be a fraction of people who are underemployed.

Urban growth rate

The rate at which an urban area grows.
Significance: It lets geographers know the fastest growing urban areas and analyze their growth.

Urban Function

Services that are provided in a certain urban area

Urban hearth area

An area, like Mesopotamia or the Nile Valley, where large cities first existed.

Urban heat island

Is a metropolitan area which is significantly warmer than its surrounding rural areas.

Urban hierarchy

A ranking of settlements according to their size and economic functions.

Urban hydrology

Study of water in Urban areas and how to treat it. (Pollution)

Urban morphology

The study of the physical form and structure of urban places.

Urbanization

The process by which the population of cities grow.
Significance: More and more areas have become urban over the course of history. Now the United States is fairly split between rural and urban areas dividing the land mas of the nation.

Urbanized population

Population that lives in Urban areas. (Cities)

World city

Most important centers of economic power and wealth.

Zone in transition

area of mixed commercial and residential land uses surrounding the CBD; mixture of growth, change, and decline

Zoning

dividing an area into zones or sections reserved for different purposes such as residence and business and manufacturing etc

Range

The maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service.
Significance: This is one of the most prominent factors that a service company would take into consideration when deciding where to locate.

Cityscapes

the urban equivalent of a landscape