PLTW HBS Exam 1.2.1-1.2.6

rotation motion

turning movement of a bone around its own axis

circumduction motion

draw around; cone shape or circular motion of a limb

abduction

movement away from the midline of the body

adduction

movement toward the midline of the body

depression motion

movement of a body part inferiorly

elevation movement

movement of a body part superiorly

flexion

decreases the angle of a joint; bending a joint

extension

increases the angle of a joint; straightens joint

hyperextension

extension beyond anatomical position

plantar flexion

bends the foot downward toward the ankle

dorsiflexion

backward flexion; pointing your toes to the sky

ligament

connects bone to bone

tendon

connects muscle to bone

range of motion (ROM)

total range possible in a joint, describe by the terms related to body movements (i.e., ability to flex, extend, abduct, adduct); measured in degrees

goinometer

instrument used to measure joint angles

medial

toward the midline of the body

lateral

away from the midline of the body

anterior

front of the body

posterior

back of the body

medial collateral ligament (MCL)

distal end of the femur to the promised end of the tibia located on the medial side of the leg; major purpose is to prevent the knee from valves and external rotating forces

lateral collateral ligament (LCL)

distal end of the femur to the proximal end of the fibula (may also touch the tibia as well) located on the lateral side of the leg; main purpose is to prevent the knee from varus

anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)

attached to anterior tibia; prevents forward sliding of the tibia and stops hyperextension of the knee

posterior cruciate ligament

attaches to the posterior aspect of the tibial plateau; prevents posterior movement of the tibia on the femur

anterior drawer test

indicates ACL tear; pulls the knee

posterior drawer test

indicates PCL; pushes on the leg

valgus stress test

tests for MCL injury

varus stress test

tests for LCL injury

varus

inward bending or twisting force

valgus

bending or twisting outward

lymphatic drainage KT tape

placing tape to pull up in skin and allow easier movement of fluid in the body; used right after injury or surgery to reduce swelling

ligament correction KT tape

playing tape with tension to activate mechanorecpetors; used for stability

types of joints

synovial, fibrous, and cartilaginous

synovial joint

freely movable joints were bones are enclosed by a fluid filled capsule, allowing a wide range of motion

synovial membrane

protects the joint

joint cavity and synovial fluid

The space between the bones that contains synovial fluid which lubricates the cavity and reduces friction and nourishes cartilage

meniscus

provides cushioning between the bones

ball and socket joint

spherical head of one bone fits into a cap like socket of another, allowing for the greatest range of motion; shoulder and hip joints

hinge joint

The convex end of one bones fits into the concave end of another allowing for movement in a singular plane, similar to a door hinge; elbow and knee joints

pivot joint

A rounded portion of one bone rotates within a ring formed by another bone and/or ligaments, allowing for rotation around a single axis; c1 and c2 that allows you to shake your head no

condyloid/ ellipsoid joint

an oval articular surface of one bone fits into a shallow depression in another bone, allowing for movement in two planes; radiocarpal (wrist) joint

saddle joint

both articulating surfaces are saddle shaped (concave in one direction, convex in the other) and allow for greater movement than condyloid joints; carpometacarpal (joint base of the thumb) joint

plane/ gliding joint

articulating surfaces are flat or slightly curved, allowing for short, gliding movements between the bones; joints between carpal and tarsal bones

3 types of cartilage

hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage

hyaline cartilage

located at the end of bones (articular, cartilage), nose, trachea, and ribs. Provides a smooth, resilient surface for joints, allowing movement.

elastic cartilage

located on the ear, epiglottis, and parts of the larynx. Provide support with flexibility.

fibrocartilage

located on the intervertebral discs, menisci of the knee, and tendinous insertions. Offer strength and shock absorption, acting as a cushion between bones.

skeletal muscle

muscle that is attached to the bones of the skeleton and provides the force that moves the bones. Striated and voluntary

smooth muscle

involuntary muscle found inside many internal organs of the body that is not striated

cardiac muscle

Striated, involuntary muscle tissue found only in the heart

Sliding filament theory

The concept that a sarcomere shortens as the thick and thin filaments slide pass one another; part of muscle contraction

actin

thin filaments, attached to Z disc, need calcium to bind

myosin

sick filament, needs ATP to release, pulls on other fiber

sarcomere

contractile unit of muscle

z disc

separated the sarcomeres from each other

calcium

required to free actin by binding to troponin, moving the tropomyosin, and allowing it to bind with myosin

ATP

Chemical energy required for myosin to release actin

rigor mortis

temporary stiffening of muscles after death, caused by lack of ATP production

muscle atrophy

lack of muscle activity; reduces muscle size, tone, and power

acetylcholine (acH)

neurotransmitter chemical released at the end of nerve cells

neuromuscular junction

The synapse between a somatic motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber

t-tubules

tubes that the neurotransmitter goes down to spread the action potential into the interior of the muscle fiber

sarcoplasmic reticulum

organelle of the muscle fiber that stores calcium

cross bridges

connections between the heads of the myosin filaments and receptor binding sites on the actin filaments

power stroke

action of the myosin pulling the actin (sliding)

hydrolysis

breaks ATP to ADP + Pi

ATP + h2o —> energy + ADP + Pi

dehydration synthesis

brings ADP + Pi back to ATP

energy + ADP + Pi —> ATP + h2o

ATP equation

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

solution that produces the greatest percent contraction?

ATP in salt solution

endomysium (3)

connective tissue surrounding a muscle fiber

epimysium (1)

connective tissue that surrounds entire muscle

perimysium (2)

connective tissue surrounding a fascicle

fascicle

bundle of muscle fibers

origin

attachment of a muscle that remains relatively fixed during muscular contraction

insertion

attachment of a muscle to movable bone

muscle always…

pulls

muscles work in…

opposing pairs

sprain

injury to a ligament

strain

injury to a tendon

Brachialis

Origin- halfway down humorous

insertion- proximal ulna

action- flexes elbow

triceps medial head

Origin- humorous

insertion- proximal ulna

action- extend elbow

serratus anterior

Origin- ribs 1-8

insertion- anterior medial border of scapula

action- pulls scapular anterior and downward

pectoralis minor muscle

Origin- ribs 3-5

insertion- piece of the scapula visible on the front

action- rotates the shoulder forward

pectoralis major

adducts and flexes humerus

pectoralis major abdominal head

Origin- ribs 5-7

insertion- lateral edge of most proximal part of humerus

action- arm extension and flexion

pectoralis major sternal head

Origin- ribs 1-5 on lateral edge of sternum

insertion- lateral edge of humerus

action- adduction of humerus