Pathophysiology Final Review Vocabulary Flashcards

A set of 82 vocabulary flashcards covering key concepts from the Pathophysiology final review lecture notes.

Membrane transport

Selective permeability process that enables cells to maintain homeostasis

Missense mutation

Genetic mutation in which one amino acid is substituted for another

DNA methylation

Epigenetic modification involving the addition of methyl groups to DNA

Hypertrophy

Cellular adaptation resulting in an increase in cell size

Hyperventilation

Typical respiratory compensation seen in metabolic acidosis

Hypokalemia

Electrolyte imbalance associated with muscle weakness and cardiac dysrhythmias

Physical barriers

First line of defense in innate immunity

B cells

Lymphocytes responsible for antibody production

Anaphylaxis

Type I hypersensitivity reaction characterized by rapid systemic allergy

Neutrophilic leukocytosis

Laboratory finding that distinguishes bacterial from viral infection

Cortisol

Primary hormone released during stress responses

Insensitivity to growth inhibitors

Cancer hallmark allowing malignant cells to evade normal growth limits

High red meat consumption

Lifestyle factor strongly linked to increased colorectal cancer risk

Leukemia

Most common childhood cancer

Cerebellum

Brain structure responsible for coordination of movement and balance

Serotonin

Neurotransmitter involved in pain inhibition and mood regulation

Lethargy

Early clinical sign of increased intracranial pressure (ICP)

Tremors and rigidity

Hallmark motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease

Folic acid deficiency

Maternal nutrient lack that increases risk of spina bifida

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Pituitary hormone that stimulates the thyroid gland

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

Hyperglycemia primarily caused by insulin resistance

Leptin

Adipokine that suppresses appetite and regulates energy balance

Platelets

Blood components essential for clot formation

Iron-deficiency anemia

Anemia resulting from insufficient iron

Point mutation in hemoglobin

Genetic cause of sickle cell disease

Mitral valve

Heart valve between the left atrium and left ventricle

Stroke

Major complication of untreated hypertension

Atherosclerosis

Most common underlying cause of myocardial infarction

Ventricular septal defect

Example of an acyanotic congenital heart defect

Dendritic cells

Antigen-presenting immune cells that activate T cells

High serum sodium

Laboratory sign indicative of dehydration

Beta-amyloid

Protein that forms plaques in Alzheimer disease

Tetany

Classic neuromuscular sign of hypocalcemia

Cushing’s syndrome

Endocrine disorder caused by excess cortisol

Hodgkin lymphoma

Cancer linked to Epstein-Barr virus infection

Respiratory acidosis

Acid–base imbalance commonly seen in chronic COPD

Warm, flushed skin

Characteristic vasodilatory sign of septic shock

Neuroblastoma

Childhood cancer originating in the adrenal medulla

Alveoli

Primary structures for gas exchange in the lungs

Diaphragm

Main muscle responsible for inspiration during quiet breathing

Dyspnea on exertion

Common clinical sign of emphysema

Asthma

Chronic disorder featuring reversible airflow obstruction

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

Most common cause of bronchiolitis in infants

Chloride channel defect

Primary pathophysiological problem in cystic fibrosis

Glomerulus

Renal structure responsible for blood filtration

Renin

Hormone released by juxtaglomerular cells in response to low blood pressure

Surfactant

Substance that reduces surface tension and prevents alveolar collapse

Edema

Common clinical sign of nephrotic syndrome

Acute glomerulonephritis

Pediatric kidney disorder that follows streptococcal throat infection

Cryptorchidism

Condition characterized by an undescended testicle

Testosterone

Hormone responsible for development of male secondary sex characteristics

Endometriosis

Presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterus

Hyperinsulinemia

Endocrine feature commonly involved in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

Non-malignant enlargement of the prostate gland

Jejunum

Section of the small intestine where most nutrient absorption occurs

Epigastric pain relieved by food

Typical symptom of peptic ulcer disease

Celiac disease

Autoimmune destruction of intestinal villi triggered by gluten

Pyloric stenosis

Infant condition leading to projectile vomiting

Hirschsprung disease

Congenital absence of enteric ganglion cells in the colon

Osteoblasts

Bone cells responsible for bone formation

Osteoarthritis

Degenerative joint disease involving cartilage breakdown

Morning stiffness >1 hour

Early symptom characteristic of rheumatoid arthritis

Epidermis

Outermost layer of the skin

Psoriasis

Chronic skin disorder with dry, silvery plaques

Impetigo

Bacterial skin infection producing honey-colored crusts in children

Pulmonary edema

Fluid accumulation in alveoli that impairs gas exchange

Pepsin

Stomach enzyme that breaks down proteins

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

Reproductive tract infection often associated with Chlamydia

Hepatic encephalopathy

Liver-related neuropsychiatric syndrome causing confusion and asterixis

Atopic dermatitis

Pediatric skin condition triggered by allergens or irritants

Myasthenia gravis

Neuromuscular disorder that increases risk for aspiration and respiratory failure

50% dextrose IV

Emergency treatment for hypoglycemia in Type 1 diabetes presenting with confusion and diaphoresis

Bulging fontanelles

Early sign of increased intracranial pressure in infants

Heterozygous

Genetic condition of inheriting one dominant and one recessive allele

Loss of vascular oncotic pressure

Physiological mechanism leading to third-spacing fluid in the abdomen

ABG: pH 7.30, PaCO₂ 50, HCO₃⁻ 24

Arterial blood gas pattern indicating respiratory acidosis

Propylthiouracil (PTU)

Antithyroid drug that inhibits thyroid hormone synthesis

Cholelithiasis

Gallstones causing right upper quadrant pain after fatty meals

Heparin infusion 10 mL/hr

Flow rate delivering 1,000 units/hr from 25,000 units in 250 mL

Epiglottis

Structure that prevents food from entering the trachea during swallowing

Mitochondria

Cellular organelles responsible for energy (ATP) production

Trisomy 21

Chromosomal abnormality associated with Down syndrome