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Groundlings
People who stood in the pit and watched plays / Personas que veían la obra de pie en el teatro
Globe Theatre
Open-air theater in London where Shakespeare’s plays were performed / Teatro al aire libre en Londres donde se presentaban obras de Shakespeare
The Wooden O
Nickname for the Globe Theatre / Apodo del Globe Theatre
Commedia dell’arte
Italian theater style that allowed women to perform / Estilo teatral italiano que permitió a mujeres actuar
Humanism
Study of classical Greek and Roman ideas focused on human potential / Estudio de ideas clásicas enfocado en el potencial humano
Humanist
Person who studies humanities like literature, history, and ethics / Persona que estudia literatura, historia y ética
Merchant Princes
Wealthy families with economic and political power / Familias ricas con poder económico y político
Condottieri
Mercenary military leaders hired by states / Líderes militares mercenarios contratados
Renaissance Man
Person skilled in many areas (art, fighting, music, etc.) / Persona con muchas habilidades
Renaissance Woman (ideal)
Expected to be talented but not surpass men / Mujer talentosa pero sin superar al hombre
Sprezzatura
Ability to make difficult things look effortless / Hacer ver lo difícil como fácil
Chiaroscuro
Use of strong contrast between light and dark to create depth / Uso de luz y sombra para crear profundidad
Linear Perspective
Use of a vanishing point to create 3D space / Uso de punto de fuga para crear profundidad
Atmospheric Perspective
Objects appear blurred and lighter in the distance / Objetos se ven más borrosos y claros a distancia
Sfumato
Soft blending of edges without harsh lines / Difuminado suave sin bordes definidos
Michelangelo – David
Large marble sculpture representing strength and power / Escultura de mármol que representa fuerza
Donatello – David
First freestanding nude male sculpture since antiquity / Primer desnudo masculino independiente
Leonardo da Vinci – Sketchbooks
Drawings of inventions and movement / Dibujos de inventos y movimiento
Raphael – School of Athens
Painting of classical philosophers (Plato and Aristotle) / Pintura de filósofos clásicos
Botticelli – Primavera
Mythological painting combining classical and Christian ideas / Pintura mitológica con ideas clásicas y cristianas
Ghiberti – Gates of Paradise
Decorated doors of the Florence Baptistery / Puertas decoradas del baptisterio
Brunelleschi – Dome
Double-shell dome structure for stability / Cúpula de doble estructura para soporte
School of Athens
Represents Greek philosophy and thinkers / Representa filósofos griegos
Primavera
Symbolic scene blending mythology and humanism / Escena simbólica de mitología y humanismo
The Last Supper
Depicts Jesus and apostles with strong linear perspective / Representa a Jesús con perspectiva lineal
Arnolfini Portrait
Detailed oil painting showing wealth and symbolism / Pintura detallada con simbolismo
Knight, Death, and the Devil
Engraving showing moral struggle and virtue / Grabado sobre lucha moral
The Crucifixion (Grünewald)
Shows intense suffering to connect with the sick / Muestra sufrimiento extremo
The Garden of Earthly Delights
Triptych showing sin and human behavior / Tríptico sobre el pecado humano
Hunters in the Snow
Scene of everyday life in winter / Escena de vida cotidiana
Madonna with the Long Neck
Distorted proportions typical of Mannerism / Proporciones distorsionadas.
Mannerism
Art style with distortion, exaggeration, and emotion / Estilo con distorsión y exageración
Genre Painting
Art showing scenes of everyday life / Arte de la vida cotidiana
Gates of Paradise
Nickname for Ghiberti’s Baptistery doors / Nombre dado a las puertas
Double-shell dome
Two-layer dome structure for support / Cúpula de dos capas
Martin Luther
Religious reformer who challenged the Catholic Church / Reformador religioso
95 Theses
List of arguments against Church practices / Lista de críticas a la Iglesia
Predestination
Belief that God decides salvation before birth / Dios decide salvación antes de nacer
Indulgences
Payments for forgiveness of sins / Pagos por perdón de pecados
Sacraments
Religious rituals like communion / Rituales religiosos
Protestant
Follower who opposed the Catholic Church / Seguidor que protestó la Iglesia
Counter-Reformation
Catholic Church response to Protestantism / Respuesta de la Iglesia Católica
Henry VIII
King who created Anglican Church / Rey que creó la Iglesia Anglicana
Anglican Church
New church in England separate from Rome / Nueva iglesia en Inglaterra
Protestant Work Ethic
Belief that hard work shows moral virtue / Trabajo duro muestra virtud
Vernacular
Everyday spoken language / Lengua común
Bonfire of the Vanities
Burning of luxury items for religious purity / Quema de objetos por religión
Savonarola
Monk who led the movement / Monje que lideró el movimiento
Word Painting
Music reflects meaning of the lyrics / Música refleja el significado
Renaissance Humanism
Mix of classical ideas with Christian beliefs / Mezcla de ideas clásicas y cristianas