9 - Jung's Analytical Psychology

analytical psychology

* cult phenomenon
* built off myths
* collective unconscious, articulates ancestral and sociocultural history

basis of jungs theory

* we engage with tensions
* psychological health is obtaining balance between tensions
* individuation

levels of the psyche

* conscious
* personal unconscious
* collective unconscious
* \

conscious

mental images that are sensed by the ego and that play a relatively minor role in Jungian theory

ego

the center of consciousness but not the core of personality

* part of us aware and experiences things
* needs to be completed by the self

self

center of personality that is largely unconscious

* balance between conscious and unconscious

personal unconscious

those repressed experiences that pertain exclusively to one particular individual

* subliminal expeirences
* can’t be easially pulled up
* contain complexes

complex

emotionally toned conglomeration of ideas that comprise the contents of the personal unconscious

* emotional bundles of associated ideas


* negative ideas can create a manifest complex
* ex., amuptated leg has bundle of inferiority, triumph, bitterness, determintion

collective unconscious

inherited unconscious responsible for many of our behaviours, ideas, and dreams

* originates from ancestors
* passed along as **psychological potential**
* influences us constantly
* similar across cultures
* more like emotions or tendencies than ideas
* if repeated enough, acquire characteristic shapes or archetypes

psychological potential

capacity to be human

* aspect of collective unconscious
* \

archetype

contents of the collective unconscious

* represent psychological patterns of inherited behaviours
* psychological instincts
* affective patterns from ancestors
* NO biological basis
* appear in dreams, art, stories, fantasies

instinct

unconscious physical impulse toward action

persona

archetype that represents the side of personality that one shows to the rest of the world

* **conscious**
* can confuse it with who we are
* imbalance between public and private self
* to be psychologically healthy, balance demands of society with true self

shadow

the parts of ourselves that we hide, repress, or deny

* unconscious
* opposes persona
* could be positive things are aren’t ready to acknowledge
* projection of shadow is a clue on what we need to work on

\

first test of courage

knowing our shadow

realization of the shadow

to come to grips with the darkness within ourselves

* most of us never get there, then constantly think we have bad luck or bad things happen
* \

how shadow develops from ball of energy

* parents cause repressions on our ball of energy, put parts we don’t like into invisible bag
* in adolescence, all bad things go into bag
* spend rest of our lives trying to get stuff out of the bag again
* end up as slice rather than globe, never a whole person
* different cultures have different bags
* \

anima

archetype that represents feminine component in males

* originates from men’s inherited experiences with women
* represents irrational moods and feelings
* no biology, all socialization
* boys taught to repress
* men project anima onto women, experience them as they expect them to be
* must overcome emotional and intellectual barriers to return femininity

second test of courage

recognizing anima or animus after learning to be comfortable with shadow

animus

archetype that represents the masculine component in the personality of females

* originates from women’s inherited experiences with men
* symbolic of thinking and reasoning
* appears in dreams, visions, fantasies in personified form

great mother

archetype of the opposing forces of fertility and destruction

* drawn from mythes
* all people posses
* we come against it after anima/animus
* fertility and nourishment
* trees, gardens, fields, sea, heaven, home, country, church, cooking utensils
* power and destruction
* god mother, mother nature, stepmother, witch
* fertility and power form **rebirth**

wise old man

archetype of wisdom and meaning

* symbolizes humans’ pre existing knowledge of the mysteries of life
* appears in people who speak authoritatively but not authentically (politicians)
* at the core of danger

we don’t possess archetypes we _____ in them

participate

hero

archetype representing myths of people who conquer or vanquishes evil, usually in the form of monster, dragon, or serpent

* we fixate on heroism


* free us from sense of personal impotence
* touches on hero within us
* heroic deeds can only be performed by someone who is vulnerable

self

the most comprehensive of the archetypes, includes whole of personality, but mostly unconscious

* unified archetype
* tendency to move towards growth
* pulls archetypes together in **self-realization**
* symbolized by mandala

to fully experience the self:

* overcome fear of unconscious
* prevent persona from domination
* recognize shadow
* face anima / animus

causality & whose theory

present events have their origin in previous experiences

* Freud's theory

teleology & whose theory

present events are motivated by goals and aspirations for the future that direct a person’s destiny

* Adler’s theory

whose theory was a mix of causality and teleology

Jung

* ex., dreams stem from past events but guide us in our future
* synchronicities

synchronicities

causally unrelated events that happen together in meaningful ways

* ex., arguing did not cause book to fall off shelf, but it is significant that it happened
* we organize our world in terms of personal meanings
* opportunities to better understand self

progression

forward flow of psychic energy

* involves extraverted attitude and movement toward adaptation to external world
* how we confront external situations

regression

the backward flow of psychic energy

* involves the introverted attitude and movement toward adaptation to the internal world
* fulfill goals, solve problems

need both progression and regression to achieve _____

self-realization

attitude

a predisposition to act or react in a characteristic manner, in either introverted or extraverted direction

* ideally balanced, but realistically one attitude is more conscious making us more extraverted or introverted

\

introversion

turning inward of psychological energy with an orientation toward the subjective

* more interested in own minds, dreams, perceptions, etc.
* still in tune with outside world, but act in terms of own perspectives
* \

extraversion

attitude marked by turning outward of psychological energy so that a person is oriented toward the objective world

* objectivity is misused
* more pragmatic
* manage the here and now, without regard for other people’s perspectives

Freud’s theory was (extraverted/introverted) and Adler’s theory was (extraverted/introverted)

extraverted, introverted but their personalities were opposite

types

classification of people based on a two dimensional scheme of attitudes and functions

what are the 4 functions

thinking, feeling, sensing, intuition

thinking

rational function that tells us the meaning of an image that originates from the external world (extraverted) or from the internal world (introverted)

* logical intellectual activity that produces a chain of ideas
* \

extraverted thinking

rely on own concrete thoughts and abstract systems they are given

* structured
* sometimes too sporadic, random, only facts with no creativity
* ex., engineers and mathematicians
* \

introverted thinking

react to outside world based on its own interpretation, subjective and creative manner

* too much leads to mysticism, detached from reality
* what they come up with is useless for others
* ex., philosophers
* \

feeling

rational function that tells us the value of something

* not an emotion, but way we consciously or unconsciously evaluate something
* could be emotional though
* \

extraverted feeling

use outward, objective information about the world to make evaluations rather than guided by own perspectives

* sociable and comfortable in social settings
* can appear shallow or fake, expressed opinions may not reflect internal opinions
* \

introverted feeling

judge based on own perspectives, internal standards

* ignore traditional opinions and beliefs
* can be disliked if too opinionated
* ex., Anthony music reviewer
* \

sensation

irrational function that receives physical stimuli and transmits them to perceptual consciousness

* how we experience the world
* how we transmit physical stimuli to perceptual consciousness
* \

extraverted sensing

(experiencing)

see the world how it is

* it can be helpful
* ex., proof-reader, house painter, wine taster

introverted sensing

(stabilizing)

influenced by the way they experience the world

* may find things pleasant that others do not
* may begin to detach from reality

intuiting

an irrational function that involves perception of elementary data that are beyond our awareness

* how we perceive things beyond immediate consciousness
* less mystical, about life experience
* \

extravert intuition

(ideating)

orientated to facts in external world, but perceive facts more subliminally

* suppress sensations and rely on hunches and guesses
* gut feelings as it pertains to the outside world
* ex., inventor

introvert intuition

(knowing)

guided by unconscious aspects of self, know themselves better than they think

* able to make decisions in terms of own lives very simply
* the more you know about parts of self trying to hide, the better you can confront situations
* may not understand their own motivations, do it anyways
* ex., religious prophets or mystics

hierarchy of functions

* one superior
* one secondary, less developed but still conscious
* two inferior, conscious but less cultivated

\
* focus lives by cultivating one function, happens at expense of other aspects

MBTI

* added:
* judging: highly structured lifestyle
* perceiving: less structured, more flexible lifestyle
* combined polarities into 16 personality types
* controversial
* gives people a story to better understand themselves

which functions are prominent in christian clergy and staff

sensing and judging

* churchgoers high sensing
* \

Keirsey, Temparament, Sorter research

* more about outward behaviour
* didn’t immediately include E and I
* developed character portraits
* goal to develop set of recommendations for people who have typical personality characteristics to develop other characteristics they may be deficient in

development of personality for Jung

* series of stages that culminate in individuation or self-realization
* interested in middle life most
* in old age, look back and understand why it happened but understand that now is different than the past

how is Jung’s development of personality like the sun

grows in brilliance through childhood and youth, peaking in consciousness at zenith at beginning of middle age and then decline through adulthood

childhood

1) anarchic phase

2) monarchic phase

3) dualistic phase

anarchic phase

from birth, child has sporadic consciousness

* islands of consciousness with little or no connection between them
* not fully aware of things around them
* chaotic, lacks structure

monarchic phase

child develops sense of ego

* islands of consciousness become larger, more numerous, inhabited by ego
* take selves as object (third person speaking) but doesn’t realize they are an active agent

dualistic phase

ego splits into subjective and objective

* child has own perspectives and realizes self as separate individual
* first person language
* islands of consciousness become continuous land inhabited by ego
* \

youth

* puberty to middle age
* period of:
* separation from parents
* attaining markers of success
* growing recognition of capabilities and not being a child
* increased activity
* maturing sexuality
* growing consciousness
* conservative principle
* \

conservative principle

the desire of youth to live in the narrow consciousness of childhood

* we don’t like to give up the past
* adults who attempt to hold on to youth have crippled second half of life, impaired in establishing new goals and meaning of life
* \

middle life

* 35 or 40
* decline can present increasing anxieties
* period of tremendous potential, creative period
* view and goals of young adulthood can get in way

we are more _____ in young adulthood and childhood

extraverted

* in middle age, it is less necessary to meet new people so we adopt more thoughtful attitude
* \

old age

time for psychological rebirth, realization, and preparation for death

* moment of attaining significant maturity
* diminution of consciousness
* fear of death
* goal of life is death, have to live towards death in a meaningful way

backward orientation

clinging to goals and lifestyles of the past and going through motions of life aimlessly

individuation

process of becoming a whole person or individual with high degree of psychological maturity

* process of integrating opposites and being in touch with unconsciousness
* ego no longer concern, but complete self

steps to self-realization

* minimized persona, don’t confuse selves with persona
* have come to known their shadows
* have owned up to their anima
* recognized but not identified with archetypes of wisdom and nourishment
* established balance of attitudes and functions
* \

ego-inflation

when we see selves as an archetype

* lacks authenticity
* personality dominated by broad cultural image
* ex., Elon musk thinks he is saviour of humanity
* \

alchemy

anxient practice where they believed they could transform base metals into fold

* Jung believed projection of desire for individuation
* one of most dominant forces in Jung’s theory
* \

4 steps of alchemy

1. blackening
2. whitening
3. reddening
4. yellowing


1. \

blackening

shadow work, first test of courage

* confronting part of selves we don’t want to recognize
* \

whitening

mixed with other materials, second test of courage

* confrontation with anima
* \

reddening

adding red substances, archetypal work

* ability to recognize archetypes without identifying with them, avoiding ego inflation
* \

yellowing

self-integration, balancing conflicting aspects to obtain stability

word association test

* demonstrated validity of Freud’s understanding of unconscious as being autonomous
* now to uncover feeling-toned complexes
* ask patient to come up with first word they thought of when they read the word
* also measure breathing, conductivity of skin, etc.
* would indicate a complex has been reached

dream analysis

* dreams offer proof for existence of collective unconscious
* thought dreams were **compensatory**
* big, typical, earliest dreams
* goal: find symbols to help attain psychological maturity and individuation

what does it mean for dreams to be compensatory

attitudes or functions that we can’t express in our waking life because not developed enough or unconscious, repressed

big dreams

rembered cldearly, deeply symbolic, reflect imbalances in life

* tell story of psychological maturity
* are meaningful to anyone
* \

typical dreams

we often share with others

* might not be significant to everyone, but dreams people often have
* include archetypal figures or events, objects
* \

earliest remembered dreams

symbols that are significant beyond child’s experience

* child may have peripheral ideas, but no specific experience
* contain some archetypal material
* \

active imagination

technique to uncover collective unconscious

* patients asked to concentrate on an image until a series of fantasies are produced and it leads them elsewhere
* if followed deep enough, would uncover unconscious images
* could be drawing and painting as well
* \

four approaches to therapy

1. confessional
2. interpretation and explanation
3. social education
4. transformation


1. \

confessional therapy

talking through things

* confession of pathogenic secret
* \

interpretation and explanation therapy

* Freud
* patient via therapist is walked through whatever they are going through
* interpretation allows them to have insight into their trouble
* lead to negative outcomes on their own
* \

social education therapy

* Adler
* education of patients as social beings
* leaves patients merely socially well adjusted
* lead to negative outcomes on own

transformation therapy

* Jung
* therapist must be transformed or psychologically mature to help guide someone towards individuation
* integrate outer and inner story to create balance and harmony
* needs transference
* especially for patients in second half of life
* \

countertransference

strong, undeserved feelings that the therapist develops toward the patient during the course of treatment

* feelings can be positive or negative
* therapist should recognize those feelings and ensure they don’t get in way
* \

mythopoetic movements

self-help groups using mythological stories and imagery to promote self improvement and growth

* mens movement use stories and poetry to help men confront challenges in their lives
* \

critique

* binary view of gender
* essentialism
* mysticism