Untitled Flashcards Set

Flower Structure

A flower is a reproductive shoot composed of concentric whorls of floral organs, including sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels.

Sepals

Protect the flower during development and form the outer ring of the flower.

Flower Structure

A flower is a reproductive shoot composed of concentric whorls of floral organs, including sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels.

Sepals

Protect the flower during development and form the outer ring of the flower.

Petals

Attract pollinators to the flower.

Stamens

Composed of filament and anthers, where microsporangia are located.

Microsporangia

Located in the anthers, produce microspores that develop into pollen grains.

Carpels

Fused structures within the flower that contain ovules.

Megasporangia

Located within ovules, produce megaspores that develop into female gametophytes.

Male Gametophyte (Pollen Grain)

Develops in the anthers from microspores and consists of a tube cell and generative cell.

Double Fertilization

The process where one sperm fertilizes the egg and another fertilizes the central cell, forming a triploid cell.

Emergent Properties

Characteristics that emerge at higher levels of biological organization that are not present at lower levels.

Muscle Tissue

Tissue with the capacity to contract; types include skeletal, smooth, and cardiac.

Nervous Tissue

Specialized tissue controlling body activities by transmitting electrical impulses.

Epithelial Tissue

Covers external and internal surfaces of the body and major tissue in glands.

Connective Tissue

Diverse tissue providing support, cushioning, insulations, and strength.

Types of Epithelial Tissue

Includes simple squamous, cuboidal, columnar, transitional, stratified cuboidal, stratified squamous, pseudostratified columnar.

Interstitial Fluid

Extracellular fluid bathing tissues.

Plasma

Extracellular fluid found in blood vessels.

Hemolymph

Circulatory fluid in invertebrates, similar in function to blood in vertebrates.

Oral Cavity Functions

Involves breaking down food with teeth, saliva lubrication, and taste facilitation.

Stomach Functions

Stores food, mechanically disrupts food, begins protein digestion with hydrochloric acid.

Small Intestine Functions

Site of digestion and absorption with brush border enzymes aiding in nutrient breakdown.

Accessory Organs of Digestion

Liver produces bile, pancreas secretes digestive enzymes, gallbladder stores bile.

Carbohydrate Digestion

Begins in the oral cavity with salivary amylase, continues in small intestine with pancreatic amylase.

Protein Digestion

Starts in the stomach with pepsin, continues in small intestine with trypsin and carboxypeptidase.

Chylomicrons

Transport lipids in the lymphatic system after absorption in the small intestine.

Nutrient Absorption

Involves secondary active transport for amino acids and diffusion for monosaccharides into bloodstream.