Soc Psych exam 3

Group

2+ people who interact and have joint needs/goals

why do people join groups? To ___

Achieve goals, belonging, and resolve ambiguity

Social facilitation

Tendency to perform better on a simple task in the presence of others

Why does social facilitation happen?

Arousal, Evaluation apprehension (feel like ur being judged), distraction

Social loafing

Tendency to perform worse on a simple task in the presence of others when individual performance not evaluated

Social loafing example

Applause noise per person decreased as group size increases

Social roles

Shared expectations of the group about how a specific individual should behave

Process loss

Any aspect of group behavior that inhibits good problem solving / decision making

Group polarization is the tendency for

Groups to make decisions that are more extreme than initial inclinations of its members, can go risky or cautious

Why does group polarization happen?

Persuasive arguments (informational) and social comparison (normative)

When will groupthink occur?

Cohesive, isolated, stressed group with a directive leader and no standard procedures for decisions

Symptoms of groupthink: mindguards

Group members protect the leader from contrary viewpoints

Symptoms of groupthink: Illusion of unanimity

Illusion that everyone agrees

Symptoms of groupthink: Direct pressure on dissenters to conform

pressured to conform to group (like Asch’s line study)

Symptoms of groupthink: Self-censorship

People don’t voice contrary opinions

Symptoms of groupthink: Stereotyped views of the outgroup

Opposing sides are viewed in a simplistic, negative manner

Symptoms of groupthink: Belief in the ___

Moral correctness of the group

Symptoms of groupthink: Illusion of invulnerability

Group feels invincible and can do no wrong

Social dilemma

Conflict in which the most beneficial action for an individual will, if chosen by everyone, harm everyone

Prosocial behavior vs altruism

Prosocial is not always selfless, altruism is selfless

Prosocial behavior

Any act performed with the goal of benefiting another person

Mimicry example

Someone yawns and you do too

Emotional contagion example

One baby laughs and the others laugh

Empathy

feeling what someone else feels (putting yourself in their shoes)

Sympathy/compassion

More involved than empathy, feeling what the person feels AND helping

Prosocial pyramid, bottom to top from automatic to regulated

Mimicry, emotional contagion, empathy, sympathy/compassion, Prosocial /altruism

Kin selection

Behaviors that help a genetic relative are favored by natural selection

Norm of reciprocity (reciprocal altruism)

The expectation that helping others will increase the chances of them helping us in the future

Social learning theory

Helping is learned through observation and reinforcement (less needed as ppl mature)

Batson argued that pure altruism __ (Empathy-Altruism hypothesis)

exists as a response to empathy

Women are more likely to ___ (helping)

give long term, nurturing support

Men are more likely to ___ (helping)

help in emergencies, especially if audience, danger, and a damsel in distress

Religious people are more likely to provide ___

Planned help (volunteering, giving to charity)

Urban Overload hypothesis

people living in cities are constantly bombarded with stimulation, so they keep to themselves to avoid being overwhelmed

5 steps to helping, step 1

Noticing an event

5 steps to helping, step 2

Interpreting the event as an emergency

5 steps to helping, step 3

Assuming responsibility

5 steps to helping, step 4

Knowing how to help

5 steps to helping, step 5

Deciding to implement the help

Pluralistic ignorance

People mistakenly believe that their own thoughts and feelings are different from others (even though everyone’s behavior is the same)

Step 1: noticing an event, is stopped by:

Manners, norms (“it’s not polite to stare”)

Step 2: interpreting the event as an emergency, is stopped by:

Ambiguity, pluralistic ignorance

Step 3: assume responsibility is stopped by:

Diffusion of responsibility

Step 4: decide how to help is stopped by:

Looking foolish, lack of knowledge/competence

Step 5: decide to implement help is stopped by:

Legal problems, embarrassment, personal danger

Aggression is __

any form of intentional behavior aimed at doing physical or psychological harm/pain to another person

Aggression: hostile

Goal is to injure/harm

Aggression: instrumental

Harm inflicted is a means to another end

Aggression hostile example

Punching someone in a fight

Aggression instrumental example

Mugging

Aggression: relational

Manipulated social situations

Aggression relational example

Cyber bullying

Evolutionary theory says we should agress ___

Less towards genetic relatives

Aggression related hormones

High testosterone, low serotonin

What increases production of testosterone?

Aggressive, competitive, or sexual situations

Social cognitive learning theory

We learn social behavior (including aggression) by observing and imitating and by being rewarded/punished

From who do we learn aggression?

Parents, society/culture, media

Frustration-Aggression Theory

Frustration increases the probability of an aggressive response

Aggression is a complex, a result of:

Biological, learned, and situational factors

Catharsis

Observing/engaging in aggression relieves pent up aggressive tendencies, and thus makes one less likely to aggress in the future (not proven)

Task-oriented leaders

Focuses on getting the job done by organizing tasks and setting clear goals

Relationship-oriented leaders

Focuses on maintaining good relationships and group harmony

Altruistic personality

Selfless concern for the well being of others, consistent helping

Cultures of honor

a person's reputation is highly valued and ppl are expected to respond aggressively to insults to their dignity

Micro aggression

brief, everyday interaction or behavior that communicates a derogatory message to a marginalized group, often unintentionally

Implicit prejudice

unconscious attitudes, beliefs, and stereotypes that affect our understanding and behavior toward social groups

The Implicit association test works by ___

assessing the strength between concepts and evaluations (good/bad).

Social Identity Threat

When social identity is under threat, leads to negative outcomes like decreased performance or self esteem

Jigsaw classroom

A cooperative learning technique to reduce prejudice

Why does violent media increase aggression

Learning, weakens inhibitions, increased arousal, priming, perceive others as hostile, normalisation, desensitization

Prejudice and the ABCs

Affect, Attitudes

Stereotypes and the ABCs

Cognitions

Discrimination and the ABCs

Behavior

Prejudice

A hostile or negative attitude toward a group based solely on their membership in that group

Realistic conflict theory

limit resources lead to conflicts between groups

Relative deprivation

Feelings of discontent aroused by the belief that one fares poorly compared to others

Relative deprivation example

Being jealous of an influencer

Scapegoating is a tendency for people to ___

Displace aggression onto disliked and more powerless groups

Normative conformity

ppl adopt prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behaviors to go along with the group and gain acceptance