Gene
A section of DNA that controls a particular trait
Allele
A variation of a gene
Population
A group of individuals of the same specifies living in the same geographic location
Genotype
The genetic composition of an organism for a particular trait
Phenotype
The physical appearance of an orgnaims
Gene pool
The complete set of alleles present in a population
Allele frequency
The proportion of a certain allele in a gene pool
Genetic diversity
The type of genotypic variation in a given population
Genetic Diversity Effectors
Mutations, Selection pressures, Genetic drift, Gene flow, Artifical selection
Mutations
Permanent changes to DNA sequences that result in altered folding and function of the resultant protein.
Types of Mutation
Advantageous (Enhances survival)
Neutral (Neither Beneficial not Harmful)
Deleterious (Decreases survivability)
Mutation Inheritance
Somatic cells (Are not Passed on)
Germline cells (Inherited by offspings)
Protein effect
Conservative: results in amino acid with the same properties
Non conservative: Results in an Amino acids with different properties
Point mutation
Mutation of a single nucleotide base
Types of Point Mutation
Silent mutation: substituted base still encodes for the same amino acid
Missense mutation: substituted base encodes for a different amino acid
Nonsense: Substituted base encodes for a STOP codon
Frameshift mutation: Addition/deletion of a base alters the reading frame and all codons downstream are read differently
Block mutation
Mutation of a large cluster of nucleotides
Types of block mutations
Deletion: Removal of a section of DNA
Duplication: Replication of DNA section (Lengthens DNA)
Inversion: Reversal of a section of DNA
Translocation: Switching of two section of DNA on different chromosomes
Environmental selection pressure
Factors of the environment that impacts and organisms ability to survive and reproduce
Natural selection
The mechanism for evolution where organisms better adapted to their environment (Fit) are more likely to survive and reproduce.
Factors of Natural selection
Variation
Heritability
Selection pressure
selective advanage
Genetic diversity
The bioogical variation that occurs between species
Evolution
The change in characteristics of a species over several generations that relies on the process of natural selection
Genetic drift
The change in allele frequents due to sudden and random occurrence
(Non discriminatory,Reduced diversity)
Bottle neck event
Effect that occurs when a large proportion of a population gets wiped out by a random event
(Natural disaster)
Founders effect
Effect that occurs when a small group of individuals separates from the larger population
Gene flow
The flow of alleles in or out of. population due to migration or interbreeding between two populations
Migration
The seasonal movement of animals from one area o another
Immigration
The migration of individuals into a population
Emigration
The migration of individuals out of a population
interbreeding
When individuals from population A temporarily immigrate to population b, and reproduce with the local population, contributing to the gene pool of that population
Selective breeding
The change in a populations gene pool due to humans altering the breeding behaviour of animals or plants to develop a selected trait -
Antibiotics
Compounds that target bacteria and thus intend to treat and prevent bacterial infections (Antibiotics target specific bacterial biochemical pathways without damaging patients cell)
Bacterial conjugation
The process by which bacteria exchange genetic material via direct cell-to-cell contact