Chapter 11

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Gene

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Description and Tags

33 Terms

1

Gene

A section of DNA that controls a particular trait

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2

Allele

A variation of a gene

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3

Population

A group of individuals of the same specifies living in the same geographic location

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4

Genotype

The genetic composition of an organism for a particular trait

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5

Phenotype

The physical appearance of an orgnaims

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6

Gene pool

The complete set of alleles present in a population

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7

Allele frequency

The proportion of a certain allele in a gene pool

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8

Genetic diversity

The type of genotypic variation in a given population

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9

Genetic Diversity Effectors

Mutations, Selection pressures, Genetic drift, Gene flow, Artifical selection

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10

Mutations

Permanent changes to DNA sequences that result in altered folding and function of the resultant protein.

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11

Types of Mutation

  1. Advantageous (Enhances survival)

  2. Neutral (Neither Beneficial not Harmful)

  3. Deleterious (Decreases survivability)

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12

Mutation Inheritance

  1. Somatic cells (Are not Passed on)

  2. Germline cells (Inherited by offspings)

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13

Protein effect

  1. Conservative: results in amino acid with the same properties

  2. Non conservative: Results in an Amino acids with different properties

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14

Point mutation

Mutation of a single nucleotide base

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15

Types of Point Mutation

  1. Silent mutation: substituted base still encodes for the same amino acid

  2. Missense mutation: substituted base encodes for a different amino acid

  3. Nonsense: Substituted base encodes for a STOP codon

  4. Frameshift mutation: Addition/deletion of a base alters the reading frame and all codons downstream are read differently

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16

Block mutation

Mutation of a large cluster of nucleotides

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17

Types of block mutations

  1. Deletion: Removal of a section of DNA

  2. Duplication: Replication of DNA section (Lengthens DNA)

  3. Inversion: Reversal of a section of DNA

  4. Translocation: Switching of two section of DNA on different chromosomes

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18

Environmental selection pressure

Factors of the environment that impacts and organisms ability to survive and reproduce

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19

Natural selection

The mechanism for evolution where organisms better adapted to their environment (Fit) are more likely to survive and reproduce.

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20

Factors of Natural selection

  1. Variation

  2. Heritability

  3. Selection pressure

  4. selective advanage

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21

Genetic diversity

The bioogical variation that occurs between species

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22

Evolution

The change in characteristics of a species over several generations that relies on the process of natural selection

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23

Genetic drift

The change in allele frequents due to sudden and random occurrence
(Non discriminatory,Reduced diversity)

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24

Bottle neck event

Effect that occurs when a large proportion of a population gets wiped out by a random event
(Natural disaster)

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25

Founders effect

Effect that occurs when a small group of individuals separates from the larger population

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26

Gene flow

The flow of alleles in or out of. population due to migration or interbreeding between two populations

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27

Migration

The seasonal movement of animals from one area o another

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28

Immigration

The migration of individuals into a population

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29

Emigration

The migration of individuals out of a population

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30

interbreeding

When individuals from population A temporarily immigrate to population b, and reproduce with the local population, contributing to the gene pool of that population

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31

Selective breeding

The change in a populations gene pool due to humans altering the breeding behaviour of animals or plants to develop a selected trait -

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32

Antibiotics

Compounds that target bacteria and thus intend to treat and prevent bacterial infections (Antibiotics target specific bacterial biochemical pathways without damaging patients cell)

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33

Bacterial conjugation

The process by which bacteria exchange genetic material via direct cell-to-cell contact

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