Chapter 11

Gene

A section of DNA that controls a particular trait

Allele

A variation of a gene

Population

A group of individuals of the same specifies living in the same geographic location

Genotype

The genetic composition of an organism for a particular trait

Phenotype

The physical appearance of an orgnaims

Gene pool

The complete set of alleles present in a population

Allele frequency

The proportion of a certain allele in a gene pool

Genetic diversity

The type of genotypic variation in a given population

Genetic Diversity Effectors

Mutations, Selection pressures, Genetic drift, Gene flow, Artifical selection

Mutations

Permanent changes to DNA sequences that result in altered folding and function of the resultant protein.

Types of Mutation

1. Advantageous (Enhances survival)

2. Neutral (Neither Beneficial not Harmful)

3. Deleterious (Decreases survivability)

Mutation Inheritance

1. Somatic cells (Are not Passed on)

2. Germline cells (Inherited by offspings)

Protein effect

1. Conservative: results in amino acid with the same properties

2. Non conservative: Results in an Amino acids with different properties

Point mutation

Mutation of a single nucleotide base

Types of Point Mutation

1. Silent mutation: substituted base still encodes for the same amino acid

2. Missense mutation: substituted base encodes for a different amino acid

3. Nonsense: Substituted base encodes for a STOP codon

4. Frameshift mutation: Addition/deletion of a base alters the reading frame and all codons downstream are read differently

Block mutation

Mutation of a large cluster of nucleotides

Types of block mutations

1. Deletion: Removal of a section of DNA

2. Duplication: Replication of DNA section (Lengthens DNA)

3. Inversion: Reversal of a section of DNA

4. Translocation: Switching of two section of DNA on different chromosomes

Environmental selection pressure

Factors of the environment that impacts and organisms ability to survive and reproduce

Natural selection

The mechanism for evolution where organisms better adapted to their environment (Fit) are more likely to survive and reproduce.

Factors of Natural selection

1. Variation

2. Heritability

3. Selection pressure

4. selective advanage

Genetic diversity

The bioogical variation that occurs between species

Evolution

The change in characteristics of a species over several generations that relies on the process of natural selection

Genetic drift

The change in allele frequents due to sudden and random occurrence
(Non discriminatory,Reduced diversity)

Bottle neck event

Effect that occurs when a large proportion of a population gets wiped out by a random event
(Natural disaster)

Founders effect

Effect that occurs when a small group of individuals separates from the larger population

Gene flow

The flow of alleles in or out of. population due to migration or interbreeding between two populations

Migration

The seasonal movement of animals from one area o another

Immigration

The migration of individuals into a population

Emigration

The migration of individuals out of a population

interbreeding

When individuals from population A temporarily immigrate to population b, and reproduce with the local population, contributing to the gene pool of that population

Selective breeding

The change in a populations gene pool due to humans altering the breeding behaviour of animals or plants to develop a selected trait -

Antibiotics

Compounds that target bacteria and thus intend to treat and prevent bacterial infections (Antibiotics target specific bacterial biochemical pathways without damaging patients cell)

Bacterial conjugation

The process by which bacteria exchange genetic material via direct cell-to-cell contact