Exam 1 - Ch. 11 Innate and Adaptive Immunity

innate immunity

the body's first line of defense, aka: natural immunity, involves the inflammatory response

adaptive immunity

-second line of defense, develops over time, involves antibiotics.

-can distinguish between self and non-self

-recognizes and responds to large numbers of different pathogens. Humoral immunity is B-cell related (antibody activity). Cell-mediated immunity is T-cell related (requires healthy CD4 and CD8 Ts).

Neutrophils

Most abundant WBC in the body (55%), aka: PMSs, phagocytes, early responders

Macrophages

mature monocytes, long life span, act as phagocytes

Monocytes

largest of all WBCs but only 7% of total WBCs

Dendritic (DC)

specialized, bridge the gap between innate and adaptive immunity, antigen presenting cells

Natural Killer (NK)

spontaneously kill target organisms, limit spread of infection

What are the cells of innate immunity?

Neutrophils, macrophages and monocytes, dendritic, Natural Killer

Compliment System

complex and powerful; works with both innate and adaptive immunity; allows body to localize infection and destroy invading microorganisms

What are the cells of Adaptive Immunity?

lymphocytes (B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes)

B lymphocytes

produce antibodies and are involved in humoral immunity. They have "memory" for future encounters

T lymphocytes

serve many functions. Control of intracellular viral infections, Rejection of foreign tissue grafts. Activation of autoimmune processes. Activation of delayed hypersensitivity reactions.

Types of T cells

Helper Ts (CD4), Regulatory Ts, and Cytotoxic Ts (CD8)

Helper Ts

CD4 helper T cells are the master regulators of the immune system

Regulatory Ts

Control immune system responses

Cytotoxic Ts (CD8)

monitor the activity of all cells in the body and destroy any that are threatening homeostasis

Immunoglobulins

Antibodies involved in humoral immunity.

IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE

Immunoglobulin - IgG

Antiviral, antibacterial, antitoxin activity, only Ig (antibody) that crosses the placenta

Immunoglobulin - IgA

Predominant Ig in body secretions protects mucous membranes (keeps mucous membranes moist)

Immunoglobulin - IgM

forms natural antibodies such as those for ABO blood groups (and transfusions)

Immunoglobulin - IgD

needed for maturation of B lymphocytes

Immunoglobulin - IgE

involved in parasitic infections, allergic and hypersensitivity reactions

Lymph organs

Responsible for the production, maturation, and storage of large numbers of immune cells including B and T lymphocytes.

-enlarged lymph nodes - something is not right.

-thymus, lymph nodes, spleen

Thymus

A lymph organ located in the mediastinum. Responsible for the production of mature, immunocompetent T lymphocytes

Lymph Nodes

A lymph organ located throughout the body. Store and mature B cells.

Spleen

A lymph organ located in the left upper quadrant of abdomen. Stores B and T cells.

Active Immunity

acquired when the host mounts an immune response to an antigen either through vaccination or environmental exposure.

Passive Immunity

immunity that is transferred from another source as in from mother to fetus

Maternal to Infant Immunity Transfer

IgG is the only antibody that transfers from the mother to the infant via placenta. Maternal IgG remains active in the infant for the first few months of life. Premature infants may be deficient in maternal IgG as the transfer occurs during the last few weeks of gestation.

Immune response of the older adult

Immune response declines as we age. More susceptible to infection. have more autoimmune diseases. Higher incidence of cancer. Immunizations less effective. Co-morbid conditions further impair immune function.