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What is energy balance and its uses in the body?
equilibrium: intake = expenditure
positive energy balance = intake > expenditure
negative energy balance = intake < expenditure
What are ways to measure energy expenditure?
harris benedict equation
will be given on test
different EQs for men and women
WT in kg (2.2 lbs = 1 kg)
HT in cm
energy for physical activity
thermic effect of food
adaptive thermogenesis
direct calorimetry: measure heat produced by person in room
accurate but expensive
indirect calorimetry: collect expelled air from individual
more common
respiratory quotient
close to 1.0 means all carbs
close to 0.7 means all fat
estimated energy expenditure
will be given on test
weight in kg
height in m
should be larger than harris benedict EQ
What are hunger, appetite, and satiety?
hunger
physiological need for food
appetite
pyschological desire for food
social, mood, time of day
satiety
fulfilling hunger and appetite
leptin increases satiety
produced by adipose tissue
regulates metabolism
How is body composition assessed?
BMI
body weight (kg) / height (m) ²
health risks associated with BMI > 25
body fat content
underwater weighing
bodypod
bodyweight/volume
skinfold thickness
bioelectric impedance
DEXA scan
What are the impacts of genetics and environment on body weight and composition?
genetics account for 40-70% of weight variation
metabolic efficiency
less efficient = “fast metabolism”
environment
learned behaviors
What are the key components of weight loss programs?
control energy intake
perform regular physical activity
control problem behavior
How can we measure energy intake?
bomb calorimeter
burn food and measure energy released (could measure things like fiber than cannot be digested)
calculate with formula
carbs = 4
protein = 4
fat = 9