Unit 7A

Young Turks

A political movement that called for the complete modernization and rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire.

Ottoman Reforms

Initiatives including secularization of schools, political elections, and imposition of the Turkish language.

Bolsheviks

The political group led by Vladimir Lenin that aimed to overthrow the Russian monarchy and establish a communist state.

Taiping Rebellion

A massive civil war in China that resulted from internal strife and cost millions of lives.

Boxer Rebellion

An uprising in China against foreign influence, which was suppressed with international assistance.

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

The peace treaty signed by Russia to withdraw from WWI, resulting in significant territorial losses.

Militarism

The belief in building up strong armed forces to prepare for war.

Allies (Triple Entente)

The alliance of Britain, France, and Russia during World War I.

Self-determination

The principle that a group of people has the right to decide their own political status.

Balfour Declaration

The 1917 statement by the British government supporting the establishment of a national home for the Jewish people in Palestine.

Pan-Africanism

A movement emphasizing the unity and cultural identity of people of African descent worldwide.

Fascism

A political ideology characterized by authoritarian nationalism and the belief in the supremacy of the state.

Total War

A conflict where all resources and people are mobilized for war, affecting both military and civilian aspects of life.

Trench Warfare

A type of combat in WWI where opposing troops fought from deep trenches.

Zionism

A political and cultural movement advocating for the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine.

Collectivization

The process of consolidating individual landholdings into collective farms under state management.

Holodomor

The man-made famine in USSR in the 1930s, resulting from collectivization policies.

Great Purge

A campaign of political repression in the Soviet Union during the late 1930s under Stalin.

Dreadnought

A type of battleship with advanced armaments, first introduced by the British.

Appeasement

The diplomatic policy of making concessions to avoid conflict, notably practiced by Britain towards Hitler.

Schlieffen Plan

Germany's military strategy to quickly defeat France and then turn to Russia.

Weimar Republic

The democratic government in Germany established after WWI, known for its instability.

Antisemitism

Prejudice against Jews, manifesting in various forms of discrimination and violence.

Zimmermann Telegram

A secret communication from Germany proposing a military alliance with Mexico against the United States.

Mexican Revolution

A major armed struggle that transformed Mexican society and politics, leading to the overthrow of Porfirio Díaz.

Satyagraha

Gandhi’s principle of nonviolent resistance against oppressive laws and policies.

Indian National Congress

A political party in India that became a major force in the Indian independence movement.

Social Security

A government program designed to provide financial assistance to individuals in need.

Women’s Roles in WWI

Women took on jobs traditionally held by men and contributed significantly to wartime production.

New Deal

FDR’s series of programs aimed at economic recovery during the Great Depression.

Indian Independence Movement

The struggle for self-rule in India, characterized by civil disobedience and mass protests.

Communism

A political and economic ideology advocating for a classless society and collective ownership of the means of production.

Mao Zedong

The leader of the Chinese Communist Party who established the People's Republic of China in 1949.

Joseph Stalin

The leader of the Soviet Union who implemented policies of rapid industrialization and collectivization.

German-Soviet Pact

An agreement between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union not to attack each other, signed before WWII.

Anti-Comintern Pact

A political agreement between Germany and Japan aimed against the Communist International.

Civil Disobedience

The active refusal to obey certain laws, demands, and commands of a government, usually through peaceful means.

Armenian Genocide

The mass extermination of Armenians by the Ottoman Empire during World War I.

Kaiser Wilhelm II

The last German Emperor whose policies contributed to the outbreak of WWI.

Adolf Hitler

The leader of Nazi Germany, responsible for initiating WWII and the Holocaust.

Benito Mussolini

The Italian dictator who founded the Fascist Party and allied with Hitler during WWII.

Hirohito

The Emperor of Japan during WWII, symbolizing the state but wielding limited political power.

Great Depression

A severe worldwide economic downturn that lasted from 1929 until the late 1930s.

League of Nations

An international organization established after WWI to promote peace, later replaced by the United Nations.

Sino-Japanese War

The conflict between China and Japan from 1937 to 1945, highlighting China's weakness against industrial powers.

Twenty-One Demands

A series of demands made by Japan to China in 1915, seeking economic control and political influence.

Mockingbird

The act of undermining credibility through the dissemination of propaganda during wartime.

Russian Revolution (1917)

The revolt against the Tsar that led to the rise of the Bolsheviks and the establishment of a communist government.

Bolshevik Revolution

The October Revolution that resulted in the overthrow of the Provisional Government in Russia.

Trade Union Movement

Collective organization of workers aiming to enhance labor rights and conditions.

Imperial Tension

Conflicts arising from nations competing for colonies and territorial expansion.

Political Dissidents

Individuals who oppose the policies of their government, often subjected to state persecution.

Bretton Woods Conference

The 1944 meeting that established a new international monetary order post-WWII.

Provisional Government

The temporary government established in Russia after the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II.

Nazi Party

The political party led by Adolf Hitler that ruled Germany from 1933 to 1945.

Gestapo

The German secret police employed by the Nazis to suppress opposition.

Kolkhoz

A collective farm in the Soviet Union.

Internationalism

A political principle that emphasizes cooperation among nations and opposes nationalism.

Sino-Soviet Treaty (1950)

A treaty of friendship between China and the USSR during the Cold War.

Wilsonian Principle

Woodrow Wilson’s vision for international peace and democracy after WWI.

Prohibition

A nationwide constitutional ban on the production, importation, transportation, and sale of alcoholic beverages.

Cold War

The geopolitical tension between the Soviet Union and the United States following WWII.

Manchurian Incident

A staged event by Japanese military personnel as a pretext for Japan's invasion of Manchuria.

Prague Spring

A period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia during the 1960s which was ended by a Soviet invasion.

Anti-Japanese Riots

Racial and political protests against Japanese influence in various Asian nations.

Zionist Organization

A group formed to support the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine.

Cultural Revolution

A sociopolitical movement in China aimed at preserving Communist ideology and purging remnants of capitalist influences.

Non-Aligned Movement

A group of states that are not formally aligned with any major power bloc.

Decolonization

The process by which nations gain independence from colonial powers.

Ethnic Cleansing

The systematic removal of an ethnic group from a territory.

War Guilt Clause

A provision in the Treaty of Versailles that attributed blame for WWI solely to Germany.

Holocaust

The systematic genocide of six million Jews and others by the Nazi regime during WWII.

Détente

The easing of hostility between countries, particularly during the Cold War.

Lebensraum

A Nazi policy aiming for territorial expansion for the alleged superiority of the Aryan race.

Nuremberg Trials

A series of military tribunals after WWII to prosecute prominent leaders of Nazi Germany.

Mao's Little Red Book

A collection of quotes from Mao Zedong, used during the Cultural Revolution in China.

Watergate Scandal

A political scandal involving the Nixon administration's abuse of power that led to Nixon's resignation.

Globalization

The process of increasing interconnectedness among countries, often through trade and culture.

Islamic Revolution (1979)

The overthrow of the Shah and establishment of an Islamic Republic in Iran.

Arab Spring

A series of anti-government protests and uprisings across the Arab world beginning in 2010.

Civil Rights Movement

A struggle for social justice by African Americans in the United States during the 1950s and 1960s.

Green Revolution

An increase in agricultural production due to new technologies and techniques.

Iron Curtain

The ideological boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas during the Cold War.

Feminism

The advocacy of women's rights on the basis of equality of the sexes.

Partisan Warfare

Guerrilla tactics employed by smaller forces against a larger occupying force.

Scientific Revolution

A period of major advances in scientific thought and practice in the 16th and 17th centuries.

Enlightenment

An intellectual movement emphasizing reason, individualism, and skepticism of traditional doctrines.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

A document adopted by the UN General Assembly that outlines fundamental human rights.

Human Rights Violations

Acts that infringe upon the basic rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled.

Post-Colonialism

A critical theory that examines the cultural, political, and economic impacts of colonialism.

Cartel

An agreement between competing firms to control prices or limit production.

Trade Union

An organization of workers formed to protect and advance their rights and interests.

Social Democracy

A political ideology advocating for democratic governance alongside social justice and economic equality.

Bourgeoisie

The capitalist class who own most of society's wealth and means of production.

Proletariat

The working class, particularly in Marxist contexts, who sell their labor.

Masculinity Crisis

A cultural idea surrounding the perceived decline of traditional male roles and identities.

Social Darwinism

The belief that some societies or groups are superior to others due to natural selection.

Historical Materialism

Marxist theory asserting that material conditions primarily determine historical developments.

Crisis of Capitalism

The idea that capitalism may lead to its own demise through economic contradictions and crises.

Colonialism

The policy of acquiring political control over other countries and exploiting their resources.