JOUR 1002 Mid-Term Flashcards
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92 Terms
Was the First Amendment part of the Constitution?
No
What publication said this: Democracy Dies in Darkness
The Washington Post
What was the Near V. Minnesota case and why was it important?
The Near v. Minnesota case was a landmark Supreme Court decision in 1931 that ruled against prior restraint, establishing the principle that the government cannot censor or prohibit publication in advance, thereby reinforcing freedom of the press.
What is a news desert?
A community with little to no access to local news media, often resulting in a lack of information on important issues.
Three Critical Factors in Journalism
Technology
Press Freedom
Public Service
What was the first newspaper in America, who created it, and what happened to it?
The first newspaper in America was "Publick Occurrences Both Forreign and Domestick," created by Benjamin Harris in 1690. It was suppressed after one issue due to government censorship since he failed to get premission from royal authorities.
What was the first successful American Newspaper?
The first successful American newspaper was "The Boston News-Letter," published by John Campbell in 1704. It continued to be published for several decades and set the standard for future newspapers. Small elite audience avoided cotroversial topics. Then the Boston Gazette came out and the New England Courant after it.
Who created the New England Courant?
The New England Courant was created by James Franklin in 1721. It was notable for being one of the first newspapers to publish without government censorship.
Initially what was journalism like in America?
Initially, journalism in America was characterized by limited freedom, with newspapers often subject to government censorship and control. It primarily served the interests of the elite, focusing on political issues and avoiding controversial topics. They did not seek out news information was brought to them
What was the printing process like?
Selecting letters one by one in a composing stick.
Transferring lines to a galley tray.
Locking letters into a rectangular chase.
Reading text upside-down and backward to check for accuracy.
Applying ink using an ink beater (prepared with lampblack, tree sap, linseed oil, and soaked in urine for consistency).
Pressing damp linen rag paper onto the inked chase.
Producing over one hundred sheets on a good day.
Why was Benjamin Franklin important in the history of Journalism?
Benjamin Franklin was a pivotal figure in journalism for establishing the first successful newspaper in America, the Pennsylvania Gazette, and for promoting the idea of a free press. He also contributed to the development of journalistic standards and ethics through his writings and publications.
What were Benjamin Franklins pseudonyms?
Silence Dogood
What did Benjamin Franklin advocate for?
He advocated for the printers not to take side but instead provide a forum for debate on their newspapers thinking that the truth will prevail. This was known as an open press.
What is the difference between an open press and a free press?
An open press is having a newspaper that demonstrates both sides of the argument allowing for public discourse on one newspaper whereas a free press has newspapers from both sides and the news media as a whole ends up being a public discourse for equal opinions.
What was the Zenger trial, why was it important, who defended zenger, and what was the outcome?
The Zenger trial was a landmark case in 1735 where John Peter Zenger was tried for libel against the colonial governor of New York. It was significant because it established the precedent for freedom of the press, asserting that truthful statements could not be considered libel. Zenger was defended by Andrew Hamilton, and the outcome was a not guilty verdict, reinforcing the idea that the press has a right to criticize government officials.
Who was the governor Zenger criticized, what publication did zenger work for?
The governor Zenger criticized was William Cosby, and he worked for the New-York Journal.
What did the Sumerians, Phoneicians, Egyptians, and Chinese create that helped aid what journalism has become?
The Sumerians developed writing with cuneiform clay tablets. The Egyptians created phonetic writing and the poneicians invented the alphabet. The Chinese developed paper. These innovations laid the foundation for written communication and information dissemination, which are essential components of modern journalism.
What was the Patriot Press and why was it important?
The Patriot Press refers to the newspapers and publications that emerged during the American Revolution, advocating for independence from British rule. It played a crucial role in shaping public opinion, disseminating revolutionary ideas, and mobilizing support for the Patriot cause.
Who was John Locke and why was he important towards the American Revolution?
John Locke was a 17th-century English philosopher whose ideas about natural rights, government by consent, and the right to revolt against unjust rule greatly influenced the American Revolution.Thought government was a social contract not a divine right
French and Indian War
A seven-year conflict between British and French colonies, involving Native American tribes.
Treaty of Paris (1763) gave Britain vast territories, including Canada.
War doubled British debt, leading to new taxation policies on the colonies.
The Stamp Act
Taxed various items, requiring a paid stamp for validation.
Unpopular—meant to fund colonial security but seen as unfair taxation.
Newspapers played a major role in resistance; none published on stamped paper.
George Washington: Parliament has no right to put their hands in our pockets without our consent.
Patrick Henry introduced a resolution against it.
Led to riots and was repealed in 1766.
Radicalized printers, leading to stronger advocacy for independence.
Who was Samuel Adams, what newspaper publication did take over, and why was he important towards the American Revolution?
Samuel Adams was a Founding Father and key political leader who took over the "Boston Gazette." He was instrumental in organizing resistance against British policies, particularly through his role in the Sons of Liberty and the promotion of the Boston Tea Party.
Who created the snake drawing that exemplified unity in the colonies?
Benjamin Franklin, in 1754, created the "Join, or Die" political cartoon to symbolize the need for colonial unity against British rule.
Thomas Paine and Common Sense
Wrote clear, forceful, direct prose, avoiding flowery language.
First American writer to call for a clean break from Britain.
Common Sense sold nearly as much as the Bible.
George Washington: "A work of powerful change."
Later became outspoken against religion, leading to his downfall.
Died in 1809 with only six people at his funeral.
The role that Journalism played in the Boston Massacre?
Journalism played a crucial role in shaping public opinion during the Boston Massacre, as reports and illustrations, particularly by Paul Revere, heightened tensions and fueled anti-British sentiment. Newspapers disseminated these accounts widely, portraying the event as a brutal attack on innocent colonists. Samuel adams used these narratives to rally support for the revolutionary cause, emphasizing the need for colonial resistance.
The role of the press in the American Revolution
Press coverage was highly partisan, influencing public opinion.
Many Tories (British loyalists) were attacked in Boston, New York, and New Hampshire.
Isaiah Thomas, a leading colonial printer, was on the British execution list.
James Rivington, a notorious Tory sympathizer, was later revealed to be a secret spy.
What does the first amendment protect ?
The First Amendment protects the rights to freedom of speech, religion, press, assembly, and petition, ensuring individuals can express themselves without government interference.
Pre-Constitution Press Freedoms
Articles of Confederation (1783-1789) had no explicit press freedom statement
State constitutions had only vague mentions of press freedom
Constitutional Congress proposal by Charles Pinckney (SC) to include press freedom
Debate: Some believed freedom was natural and didn’t need government protection
Federalist Vs. Republicans
Federalists: Strong national government, central bank, power in New England/Northeast, wary of the French Revolution
Republicans: More power to states, feared centralization
The Party Press Era
refers to the period in American history when newspapers were primarily aligned with political parties, heavily influencing public opinion and political discourse.
Notable Party Press Figures and Newspapers
John Fenno
Bankrolled by Alexander Hamilton
Ran most influential Federalist newspaper
"He who is not for us is against us"
Philip Freneau
Jefferson funded him to launch a Republican paper
Called "The Poet of the American Revolution"
William Cobbett (Porcupine’s Gazette)
Federalist paper, aggressively attacked Republicans
Used insults like “Yelper of the democratic kennels”
Fled to the U.S. under the alias Peter the Porcupine
James Callender
Initially a Republican mouthpiece
Attacked Washington, Adams, and Hamilton
Felt betrayed by Jefferson, turned on him and exposed his relationship with Sally Hemings
Who was William Cobbett and why was he important/
William Cobbett was a prominent Federalist journalist known for his newspaper, Porcupine’s Gazette, which aggressively criticized Republicans and used sharp insults. His work significantly influenced political discourse during the Party Press Era.
Who was James Calendar, who did he expose, and why was he important?
James Callender was a journalist who initially supported the Republican Party but later turned against Thomas Jefferson, exposing his relationship with Sally Hemings. His writings played a crucial role in shaping public perception and political controversies during the Party Press Era. He also exposed Alexander Hamilton for his alleged financial misconduct, further influencing the political landscape of the time which was later explained to be an affair with a women whose husband was a prominent politician.
What were the Alien and Sedition Acts, who passed them, why were they passed, and what were the outcomes of the acts?
The Alien and Sedition Acts were laws passed in 1798 by the Federalist-controlled Congress aimed at restricting immigration and limiting speech critical of the government. They were intended to suppress dissent and limit the influence of immigrants, particularly French and Irish supporters of the Republicans, leading to significant controversy and backlash. Benjamin Franklin opposed these acts, arguing they violated free speech rights, and they ultimately contributed to the decline of the Federalist Party.
Who was Mathew Lyons and why was he important?
Mathew Lyons was a journalist and politician known for his fierce opposition to the Federalist Party and his advocacy for free speech. His political activism and writings during the Party Press Era highlighted the tensions between the emerging political factions in the United States.
Alien and sedition actrs where used against republican journalist leading to:
25 arrested, 11 tried, 10 convicted
James Callender & Matthew Lyon were targeted
No Federalists were arrested
Became a Republican campaign issue in the Election of 1800
Why was the election of 1800 important?
The election of 1800 was significant as it marked the first peaceful transfer of power between political parties in the United States, with Thomas Jefferson's victory over John Adams signaling the decline of the Federalist Party and the rise of the Democratic-Republicans. It established the principle that the government could change hands without violence, setting a precedent for future elections.
What did Alexander Hamilton do?
He was a founding father, the first Secretary of the Treasury, and authored the Federalist Papers, advocating for a strong central government. He founded the New York Evening Post.
Pros and Cons of the Party Press
Pros: clearly articulated political ideas and encouraged debate
Cons: spread misleading/ inaccurate stories and led to partisan division
Social and Technological factors that lead to the penny press era
America had more newspapers than any other nation in the 1830s
US Post Office ensured nationwide delivery
Steam-powered printing presses lowered costs
Railroads expanded (23 miles in 1830 → 30,000 miles by 1860)
Telegraph invented (1844), expanded by 1861
Samuel Morse’s invention transformed news transmission
Short, concise writing style emerged
Major Penny Press Papers
New York Sun (Benjamin Day, 1833)
First true Penny Paper
Focused on crime & human interest stories, rather than business/politics
Sold on the streets (newsboys) instead of subscriptions
Grew to 19,000 daily readers in two years
New York Herald (James Gordon Bennett, 1835)
First to regularly cover Wall Street
Covered sensational crimes (e.g., Ellen Jewett murder case)
Outraged establishment, clergy, and politicians
Largest circulation in the world by 1860 (80,000 daily readers)
New York Tribune (Horace Greeley, 1841)
Strong partisan stances in editorials
Hired first female correspondent (Margaret Fuller)
Greeley later ran for president in 1872
New York Times (Henry Raymond, 1851)
Aimed at middle/upper-class readers
More neutral than Greeley, less sensational than Bennett
Impacts of the Penny Press
Shift from political to mass-market journalism
Newspaper sales relied on ads & circulation, not political funding
News became daily, fast, and localized
Emphasized human-interest stories, crime, and entertainment
The Associated Press and its importance
Founded as a news cooperative (originally "Harbor News Association")
First general manager: Alexander Jones
Not a newspaper—sold news to publishers
Philosophy: News as objective, fact-based reporting
Expanded worldwide, still operates today
Why was the civil war so different in terms of journalism documentation compared to other wars?
The Civil War marked a significant evolution in journalism due to advancements in technology, such as the telegraph and photography, which allowed for faster reporting and visual documentation of events. This war was extensively covered by correspondents, leading to a more immediate and immersive experience for readers, contrasting with previous conflicts.
What was the freedoms journal, why was it important, who created it, what impact did it have on society?
The Freedoms Journal was the first African American-owned and operated newspaper, founded in 1827 by John Russwurm and Samuel Cornish. It played a crucial role in advocating for civil rights and addressing issues affecting the African American community, fostering a sense of identity and unity.
Who wrote this quote: We wish to plead our own cause. too long have others spoke for us
John Russwurm and Samuel Cornish of the Freedom’s Journal
Who was William Lloyd Garrison, what newspaper did he found, what did he advocate for, who did he work with?
William Lloyd Garrison was an American abolitionist, journalist, and social reformer known for founding the anti-slavery newspaper The Liberator. He advocated for the immediate emancipation of all enslaved people and worked closely with prominent figures like Frederick Douglass.
Who was Frederick Douglass, why was he important to Journalism, what newspaper did he found?
Frederick Douglass was a former enslaved person who became a leading abolitionist, orator, and writer. He founded the newspaper The North Star, which advocated for civil rights and the abolition of slavery, making a significant impact on journalism and social reform.
Who was Elijah Lovejoy, why was he important?
Elijah Lovejoy was a white journalist and abolitionist known for his strong opposition to slavery. He founded the anti-slavery newspaper Alton Observer and became a martyr for the cause when he was killed by a pro-slavery mob.
Well known photographer during the civil war era?
Mathew Brady, who documented the war through his photography, significantly influencing public perception of the conflict. He went bankrupt after the war and ended up dying in poverty. Known as the father of photojournalism
Post-Civil War Advancements and changes
Technological Advances
Typewriter & telephone improved news reporting.
Linotype (1884) made printing faster.
Halftone printing (1897) enabled photos in newspapers.
Societal Changes
Rise of consumerism and corporate journalism.
Immigrant population increased demand for news.
By 1900, 55% of newspaper income came from advertising.
Key Investigative Journalist
James Gordon Bennett Jr. (New York Herald)
Ran paper from Europe.
Sensationalized news, fabricated a Central Park Zoo animal escape story.
Sent Henry Morton Stanley to find David Livingstone.
Thomas Nast (Harper’s Weekly)
Cartoonist, created symbols for Republicans (elephant) and Democrats (donkey).
Helped expose Boss Tweed’s corruption.
The New York Times & Boss Tweed
Investigated and exposed Tammany Hall’s corruption.
Former auditor leaked proof, leading to Tweed’s conviction (1873).
Who was Ida B. Wells, why was she important in journalism, what did she advocate for?
Ida B. Wells was an African American journalist and activist known for her anti-lynching campaign and her advocacy for civil rights and women's suffrage. She utilized investigative journalism to expose the realities of racial violence and promote social justice.
The Legacy of Civil War Journalism
Developed hard news leads for telegraph efficiency.
Bylines emerged to credit reporters.
Graphics, maps, and illustrations became more common.
More accountability in journalism, as military leaders wanted to know who was writing stories.
The shift toward corporate journalism and investigative reporting followed.
Key Yellow Journalism Figures
included Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst, who were known for their rivalry and influence in shaping public opinion through sensational reporting.
Joseph Pulitzer
Hungarian immigrant; arrived in the U.S. in 1864.
Served in the Civil War, later bought St. Louis Post-Dispatch in 1876.
Bought New York World in 1883, cut price to 2 cents.
Advocated for immigrants and the underprivileged.
Launched a campaign to raise $200,000 for the base of the Statue of Liberty.
Hired Nellie Bly in 1887 (famous investigative journalist).
Established Pulitzer Prizes at Columbia University.
created the new York World
What different types of journalism did Pulitzer create?
The Crusade
The Exposé
The Scandal Story
The Stunt Story (e.g., Nellie Bly’s investigations)
The Sob Story
William Randolph Hearst
Son of a millionaire; took over San Francisco Examiner in 1887.
Bought New York Journal in 1895 for $185,000, cut price to 1 cent.
Raided Pulitzer’s staff, gaining higher circulation.
Known for bold headlines, sensational stories, and influence in the Spanish-American War.
Built a media empire; Citizen Kane (1940s) was based on his life
Why was Yellow Journalism called yellow journalism?
Came from a comic strip: The Yellow Kid by Richard Outcault.
First appeared in Pulitzer’s World in 1896.
Hearst hired Outcault for New York Journal, so Pulitzer hired another artist to continue the strip.
Led to rivalry between Hearst and Pulitzer.
Spanish American War
Cuba was a colony of Spain; significant unrest.
Pulitzer and Hearst fueled public anger, increasing support for U.S. intervention.
Evangelina Cisneros: Cuban prisoner whom Hearst helped free, turning her into a media sensation.
USS Maine explosion in Cuba—no clear cause, but newspapers blamed Spain, escalating tensions.
War lasted April–October 1898.
Hearst even took prisoners on his personal yacht.
War coverage hurt Pulitzer financially but was the peak of yellow journalism.
Nellie Bly (Elizabeth Cochrane)
Investigative journalist, went undercover in an insane asylum (Blackwell’s Island Investigation).
First woman to enter the Chicago Press Club.
Went around the world in 72 days (inspired by Around the World in 80 Days).
Believed journalists should create news when necessary.
Later married and left journalism for years.
What are Muckrakers, who came up with the term, and what did they advocate for?
Muckrakers were investigative journalists in the early 20th century who exposed social injustices and corruption in politics and business. The term was popularized by President Theodore Roosevelt and they advocated for reforms to improve society and hold powerful entities accountable.
Context for the upbringing of Muckrakers
Gilded Age: massive wealth gap, no income tax, weak labor laws.
Big Corporations: JP Morgan (finance), Rockefeller (Standard Oil), Carnegie (steel).
Lack of government oversight led to unsafe working conditions and extreme poverty.
Key Muckrakers
Ida B. Wells – Investigated and exposed lynching in America.
Jacob Riis – How the Other Half Lives (used flash photography to reveal slum conditions).
Ida Tarbell – Wrote exposé on Rockefeller and Standard Oil, exposing unfair practices.
Lincoln Steffens – Exposed political corruption in Shame of the Cities.
What was McClure’s Magazine, who wrote for it, and why was it different from newspapers?
McClure's Magazine was a pioneering publication known for its investigative journalism and literary style. It featured writers like Ida Tarbell and Lincoln Steffens, focusing on in-depth reporting and social issues, setting it apart from traditional newspapers.
Who was Ida Tarbell and what did she do?
Ida Tarbell was a prominent journalist and a key figure in the muckraking movement, best known for her detailed exposé on John D. Rockefeller and the practices of Standard Oil. Her work highlighted corporate monopolies and advocated for fair business practices.
Who was Lincoln Steffens and what did he do?
Lincoln Steffens was a notable journalist and muckraker who focused on exposing political corruption in American cities. His work, particularly in "Shame of the Cities," brought attention to the unethical practices of politicians and the need for reform.
Who was Upton Sinclair and what did he do?
Upton Sinclair was an influential American author and muckraker best known for his novel "The Jungle," which exposed the harsh conditions and exploitation in the meatpacking industry. His work led to public outcry and significant reforms in food safety regulations.
Robert Abbott
Robert Abbott (Born 1869 in Georgia, grew up dirt poor)
Inspired by Frederick Douglass' speech at the 1893 Chicago Columbia Exposition, where Douglass criticized the exclusion of African Americans.
Founded The Chicago Defender in 1905 as a weekly newspaper.
By WWI, it was the most influential Black newspaper nationwide.
Issues Abbott fought against: lynching, discrimination, racism in media.
The Defender used yellow journalism techniques from Randolph Hearst and Pulitzer.
The Defender criticized the racist film Birth of a Nation (which was screened in the White House by Woodrow Wilson).
The Great Migration and the role of the Chicago Defender
1916-1919: 500,000 African Americans moved from the South.
WWI & Industrialization: Opened job opportunities in the North.
The Chicago Defender played a role in migration:
Used a creative circulation system by distributing newspapers through train passengers (Pullman Railroad Company).
1960-1970: 7 million African Americans moved from the South to the North.
The Warmth of Other Suns (Book documenting the Great Migration).
What was the Double V campaign?
The Double V campaign was a World War II-era initiative advocating for victory against fascism abroad and racial discrimination at home. It aimed to highlight the struggles of African Americans for civil rights while fighting for freedom overseas.
Who was John Sengstacke
John Sengstacke was a prominent African American newspaper publisher and the nephew of Robert Abbott. He took over The Chicago Defender after Abbott's death and expanded its influence, advocating for civil rights and social justice.
The Black Press and Patriotism Paradox
The Black Press and Patriotism Paradox refers to the complex relationship between African American newspapers and their role in promoting patriotism during wartime, while also addressing issues of racial injustice and inequality within the United States.
Black Press accused of treason
refers to the criticisms faced by African American newspapers during wartime for their outspoken coverage of racial injustices, which some perceived as disloyalty to the nation.
Who was known as the First Lady of the Black Press?
Ethel Payne, a pioneering journalist and editor, recognized for her significant contributions to African American media.
Who was Ethel Payne, why was she important and what did she do?
Ethel Payne was a pioneering African American journalist known for her work with the Chicago Defender. She was the first African American woman to be a White House correspondent and focused on civil rights issues, bringing attention to the struggles of African Americans.
Who was Ray Stannard Baker
White journalist who wrote What is a Lynching exposing racial violence in both the North and the South led to his book following the color line foundational for the NAACP
What is the NAACP?
The NAACP, or National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, is a civil rights organization founded in 1909 aimed at combating racial discrimination and promoting equal rights for African Americans.
Modern Black Press and Media representation
Ebony Magazine (Nov. 1945) – Pictorial voices of African Americans.
Trayvon Martin coverage highlighted media disparities.
April Ryan – Prominent African American journalist, formerly with CNN.
The Grio – Media platform geared towards Black Americans.
Black Press Today
91% of African Americans believe Black media is more relevant than ever.
Still underrepresented in mainstream media.
What are the three journalistic traditions that Christopher Daly cites in the textbook
Advocacy
Reporting
Expose
Who invented the printing press?
Johannes Gutenberg in the 15th century and was instrumental in the spread of literature and ideas, significantly impacting the accessibility of information.
Who invented steam powered printing press?
Richard M. Hoe in the 19th century, which revolutionized the printing industry by greatly increasing the speed and efficiency of printing.
What was the Moon Hoax?
A series of articles published in 1835 by the New York Sun, falsely claiming that life and civilization had been discovered on the Moon.