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Lifespan Psychology
The study of continuity and change throughout the lifespan.
Developmental Stages
The different phases of growth individuals go through: prenatal, infancy, childhood, adolescence, early adulthood, middle age, and older age.
Physical Development
Changes in physical attributes, including gross and fine motor skills throughout the lifespan.
Cognitive Development
Changes in the ability to think, reason, and use language throughout the lifespan.
Social and Emotional Development
Changes in personal identity, emotional responses, and relationships with others over time.
Fine Motor Skills
Small muscle movements, such as writing or grasping.
Gross Motor Skills
Larger muscle movements, such as running and jumping.
Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon
The inability to recall a word or name despite feeling that it is just out of reach.
Self-awareness
The ability for an individual to understand their own thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.
Self-concept
An individualâs perception of their strengths, weaknesses, likes, and dislikes.
Prenatal Stage
The development stage from conception to birth.
Infancy Stage
The developmental period from birth to 1 year.
Childhood Stage
The developmental period from 1 to 12 years old.
Adolescence Stage
The developmental stage from 12 to 20 years.
Early Adulthood Stage
The developmental stage from 20 to 40 years.
Middle Age Stage
The developmental stage from 40 to 65 years.
Older Age Stage
The developmental stage from 65 years and beyond.
Neuroplasticity
The brain's ability to change and reorganize itself in response to experience.
Developmental Plasticity
The ability of the brain to reorganize itself during critical periods like infancy and adolescence.
Adaptive Plasticity
The brainâs ability to compensate for loss of functions or to acquire new capabilities.
Myelination
The process of coating the axons of neurons with myelin to improve communication speed.
Synaptic Pruning
The process of eliminating weaker synaptic connections while strengthening others.
Proliferation
The rapid growth and multiplication of neurons and synapses that occurs primarily during infancy.
Circuit Formation
The process by which neurons establish connections and form network circuits.
Self-esteem
An individual's overall subjective emotional evaluation of their own worth.
Centration
Focusing on one aspect of a situation while ignoring others; a cognitive limitation in young children.
Object Permanence
The understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen.
Egocentrism
The inability to differentiate between self and other, characteristic of early childhood.
Symbolic Thinking
The ability to use symbols, such as words or drawings, to represent objects and ideas.
Concrete Operational Stage
Piaget's stage (7-11 years) when children become capable of logical thought about concrete objects.
Formal Operational Stage
Piaget's last stage (age 11 and up) when individuals can think abstractly and logically.
Assimilation
The process of integrating new experiences into existing schemata.
Accommodation
The adjustment of existing schemata to incorporate new experiences.
Maternal Deprivation
Consequences that result from a child being separated from their mother during formative years.
Internal Working Model
A mental representation of self and others formed through early interactions with caregivers.
Secure Attachment
A healthy attachment style characterized by trust and security in relationships.
Insecure Avoidant Attachment
Attachment style where infants appear indifferent to their caregiver's presence or absence.
Insecure Resistant Attachment
An attachment style where infants are anxious and show ambivalence (mixed feelings) towards their caregiver.
Critical Period
A time frame in which certain experiences must occur for normal development to take place.
Feral Children
Children who have grown up with minimal human contact and thus have not developed normal human behaviors.
Rhesus Monkeys
Species used in Harlowâs attachment experiments to study infant attachment behavior.
Harlow's Experiment
Research that demonstrated the importance of contact comfort over food in forming attachments.
Strange Situation
An experimental procedure developed by Ainsworth to observe attachment behaviors in infants.
Exploration and Secure Base Behavior
How confident a child feels to explore their environment while using their mother as a safe haven.
Stranger Anxiety
The fear or anxiety a child may display when encountering a stranger.
Separation Anxiety
The distress experienced by infants when separated from their primary caregiver.
Response to Reunion
The behavior exhibited by an infant when reunited with their primary caregiver after separation.
Cross-Cultural Patterns of Attachment
Variations in attachment styles across different cultures.
Individualistic Cultures
Cultures that emphasize personal independence and self-reliance.
Collectivist Cultures
Cultures that value group goals and the welfare of the community over individual desires.
Case Study of Genie
An examination of a feral child that highlighted the importance of enriched environments for language and social development.
Impact of Enriched Environments
The influence of a stimulating social and physical environment on cognitive development.
Case Study Method
Research involving an in-depth analysis of a person or group.
Cognitive Development
The progression of thinking skills, reasoning, and understanding over the lifespan.
Piaget's Stages of Development
The sequence of cognitive development stages identified by Jean Piaget.
Emotional Development
The progression of emotional understanding and regulation throughout life.
Physical Growth
Changes in body size, shape, and functioning throughout the lifespan.
Psychosocial Development
The interplay between psychological development and social relations.
Adolescence Crisis
A period of significant emotional, psychological, or social challenge during puberty.
Language Acquisition
The process by which humans gain the ability to perceive and comprehend language.
Verbal Fluency
The ability to produce speech with ease and effectiveness.
Brain Development
The growth and changes of the brain throughout different life stages.
Emotional Regulation
The ability to monitor and control emotional responses.
Neural Connections
Links formed between neurons through synapses, crucial for brain functioning.
Empathy Development
The ability to understand and share the feelings of another person.
Environmental Influences
Factors in the surrounding environment that can affect development.
Social Skills Development
The growth of the ability to interact effectively with others.
Behavioral Responses
The observable reactions of individuals to stimuli in their environment.
Attachment Theory
The psychological model explaining the dynamics of long-term interpersonal relationships.
Behavioral Regulation
The ability to manage reactions to social and emotional stimuli.
Cognitive Acuity
Sharpness of thought and mental clarity.
Functional Independence
The ability to perform tasks and make decisions without reliance on others.
Early Intervention
The provision of services and support to children with developmental delays.
Longitudinal Study
Research that follows the same subjects over a long period to observe changes.
Qualitative Research
Research focusing on understanding and interpreting human behavior and experience.
Quantitative Research
Research collecting numerical data for statistical analysis.
Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Disorders that impact the development of the nervous system, affecting cognition and behavior.
Developmental Milestones
Specific skills or behaviors that typically emerge at certain ages.
Cognitive Load
The total amount of mental effort being used in the working memory.
Resilience
The capacity to recover quickly from difficulties and adapt positively.
Attachment Figure
The main person a child forms a bond with, typically a caregiver.
Parental Sensitivity
The responsiveness of parents to their child's signals, crucial for secure attachment.
Behavioral Observations
Monitoring and recording the behavior of individuals in various settings.
Developmental Trajectory
The path that an individual's development follows over time.
Cognitive Schema
Mental structures that help organize and interpret information.
Temperament
The inherent personality traits that influence an individualâs consistent behaviors.
Peer Relationships
Connections individuals form with others of the same age group.
Adaptive Skills
Skills that help individuals cope with and adjust to their environment.
Quality of Life
The general well-being of individuals and societies encompassing health, comfort, and happiness.
Clinical Implications
The relevance of research findings to practical applications in mental health and development.
Evoked Potentials
Electrical activities produced by the brain in response to stimuli, used in developmental assessments.
Cognitive Facilitators
People or conditions that enhance cognitive performance and learning.
Multidimensional Development
The consideration of various domains (physical, cognitive, emotional) within growth.
Emotional Intelligence
The ability to recognize, understand, and manage one's own emotions, as well as those of others.
Peer Competence
Effectiveness and skillfulness in peer interactions and relationships.
Transitional Periods
Intervals in development where individuals progress from one phase to another.
Critical Thinking Skills
The ability to think clearly and rationally, understanding the logical connection between ideas.
Lifelong Learning
The ongoing, voluntary, and self-motivated pursuit of knowledge for personal or professional development.
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